Systems and methods for enhanced heat transfer loops

ABSTRACT

The present application pertains to processes and systems for enhanced heat transfer. In some embodiments a process is described for removing a portion of a chemical from a heat transfer loop comprising a heat transfer fluid. The process may comprise adding a solvent to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop; removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer loop; separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and a retentate using a membrane; and adding at least a portion of the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The instant application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/296,336 filed Jan. 4, 2022 which application is incorporated herein by reference. The application also claims priority to pending U.S. application Ser. No. 17/166,700 filed Feb. 3, 2021 which application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/826,469 filed Mar. 23, 2020. U.S. application Ser. No. 16/826,469 claims priority to U.S. provisional application Nos. 62/822,501 filed Mar. 22, 2019; 62/872,851 filed Jul. 11, 2019; 62/976,398 filed Feb. 14, 2020; 62/984,394 filed Mar. 3, 2020; 62/988,999 filed Mar. 13, 2020; 62/969,211 filed Feb. 3, 2020; and 62/969,774 filed Feb. 4, 2020.

This application also claims priority to pending U.S. application Ser. No. 17/008,165 filed Aug. 31, 2020 which application is continuation of Ser. No. 16/580,962 filed Sep. 24, 2019 which application is a continuation of Ser. No. 16/445,855 filed Jun. 19, 2019 which application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. No. 16/258,384 filed Jan. 25, 2019 which application claims priority to U.S. Provisional application Nos. 62/622,528 filed Jan. 26, 2018; 62/670,117 filed May 11, 2018; and 62/771,902 filed Nov. 27, 2018.

All of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

In some applications, heat transfer loops operate in essential processes or business critical processes, which may operate nearly full time, or near full capacity factor, or any combination thereof. For example, chilled water loops in data centers, or petrochemical plants, or polyolefin plants, or refineries, or LNG liquefaction facilities, to name a few, may require continuous operation, wherein interruption or pausing operations may be expensive and time intensive. In some applications, it may be desirable for the liquid level in a heat transfer loop to remain consistent or at a desired level. For example, operators of commercial buildings, or HVAC, or chilled water HVAC, or district cooling, or district heating, to name a few, may desire to keep liquid levels or heat transfer fluid levels in their heat transfer loops at a consistent liquid level or a desired level. It may be desirable to increase or improve the thermal properties of the heat transfer fluid, such as the effective specific heat capacity, or heat carrying capacity, or heat transfer coefficient, or any combination thereof. The thermal properties of a heat transfer fluid, such as water, may be improved by installing or adding a chemical which, in combination with water or other solvent, forms a heat transfer fluid with improved thermal properties. The thermal properties of a heat transfer fluid, such as water, may be improved by installing or adding a chemical to form a liquid-liquid phase transition composition with improved thermal properties. It may be desirable for the installation of a thermal property enhancing chemical to occur while minimizing or preventing or avoiding interruption of operations of the process associated with the heat transfer loop. Some embodiments of the present invention may pertain to systems and methods for installing, or swapping, or removing thermal property enhancing or improving chemicals while enabling the heat transfer loop to operate, or while minimizing or preventing or avoiding interruptions or disruptions of operation.

In some applications, the temperature range of operation or thermal loads may vary. For example, in some applications, the temperature range of cooling or a heat transfer loop may change depending on the ambient temperature and/or humidity conditions. For example, in some applications, such as power generation cooling, or data center cooling, or LNG liquefaction cooling, or petrochemical plants cooling, or refineries cooling, or manufacturing facility cooling, or industrial process cooling, to name a few, the temperature of cooling or heat transfer loop temperature may vary depending on the ambient or outside temperature conditions, or the thermal load, or any combination thereof. For example, a petrochemical facility may have a chilled water loop operating with a 15 degree Celsius supply and 25 degree Celsius return temperature during the winter, and a 35 degree Celsius supply temperature and a 45 degree Celsius return temperature during the summer. In some embodiments, chemicals which enhance or improve thermal properties of a heat transfer fluid, such as water, may operate within a temperature window or temperature range. In some embodiments, when the heat transfer loop operating temperature range changes from a first temperature range to a second temperature range, it may be desirable to replace the first chemical optimized for enhancing the thermal properties in the first temperature range with a second chemical optimized for enhancing the thermal properties in the second temperature range. It may be desirable for said replacing, which may also be referred to as swapping, to be conducted in a manner which enables the heat transfer loop to operate while replacing or swapping is occurring, or be conducted in a manner to minimize or avoid interruptions while replacing or swapping is occurring. In some embodiments, when the heat transfer loop operating temperature range changes from a first temperature range to a second temperature range, it may be desirable to adjust the concentration of a chemical to optimize the enhancement of thermal properties for the second temperature range. In some embodiments, may be desirable to employ thermal property enhancing chemicals during certain time periods, and/or operate without thermal property enhancing chemicals during certain other time periods. In some embodiments, may be desirable to employ thermal property enhancing chemicals at a first concentration during certain time periods, and/or operate with thermal property enhancing chemicals at a second concentration certain other time periods. Some embodiments of the present invention may pertain to systems and methods for installing, or swapping, adjusting, or removing, or any combination thereof thermal property enhancing or improving chemicals while enabling the heat transfer loop to operate, or while minimizing or preventing or avoiding interruptions or disruptions.

BRIEF FIGURE DESCRIPTIONS

FIG. 1 : Process for Adding, or Adjusting, or Removing, or Storing, or Swapping, or Replacing Chemical or Solvent in a Heat Transfer Loop.

DEFINITIONS

Solvent: In some embodiments, a solvent may comprise a reagent which dissolves liquid-liquid phase transition chemicals and forms a composition comprising liquid-liquid phase transition composition in the presence of liquid-liquid phase transition chemicals. In some embodiments, a solvent may comprise a low molecular weight reagent. For example, a solvent may comprise a reagent with a molecular weight sufficiently small to permeate a reverse osmosis membrane, or a membrane which may reject a ‘chemical.’ For example, in some embodiments, solvents may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: water, or ethylene glycol, or propylene glycol, or glycerol, or urea, or ethanol, or methanol, or propanol, or butanol, or alcohol, or diethyl ether, or dimethyl ether, or acetone, or acetonitrile, or DMSO, or toluene, or volatile organic solvent, or non-volatile organic solvent, or ammonia, or sulfur dioxide, or carbon dioxide, or bromine, acetyl aldehyde, or formaldehyde, or methyl acetate, or ethyl acetate, or acetic acid, or formic acid, or THF, or any combination thereof.

Chemical: In some embodiments, a chemical may comprise a reagent which forms a liquid-liquid phase transition composition in a solution or mixture with a solvent. In some embodiments, a chemical may comprise a reagent which enhances or increases or improves one or more or any combination of thermal, or physical, or thermo-physical properties of a heat transfer fluid, which may include, but are not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: specific heat capacity, effective specific heat capacity, or thermal conductivity, or effective thermal conductivity, or viscosity, or corrosion, or fouling, or biofouling, or scaling, or degradation, or oxidation. For example, a chemical may comprise a liquid-liquid phase transition reagent. In some embodiments, a chemical may comprise a reagent with a molecular weight sufficiently large to be rejected by a reverse osmosis membrane, or a membrane which may permeate a ‘solvent.’ For example, in some embodiments, a chemical may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: a glycol polymer, or a polypropylene glycol (PPG), or a polyethylene glycol (PEG), or a block-polymer, or a EO polymer, or a PO polymer, or a glycol ether, or a glycol ether polymer, or any combination thereof.

Heat Transfer Loop: A heat transfer loop may comprise a system or method with a heat transfer fluid. A heat transfer loop may comprise a system or method or facility employing heat transfer for cooling, or heating, or thermal storage. In some embodiments, a heat transfer loop may comprise, including, but not limited to: a closed loop, or open loop, or hybrid loop, or any combination thereof. A heat transfer loop may comprise including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: a chilled water loop, or a hot water loop, or a chiller loop, or cooling loop, or heating loop, or ground loop, or geothermal loop, or district cooling system, or district heating system, or HVAC system, or plant cooling system, or plant heating system, or heating supply, or cooling supply, or thermal storage system, or desalination system, or solar thermal system.

“About the same as”: “About the same as” may mean differing in composition, or a property by less than one or more or any combination of the following: 0.01%, or 0.05%, or 0.1%, or 0.2%, or 0.3%, or 0.4%, or 0.5%, or 0.6%, or 0.7%, or 0.8%, or 0.9%, or 1.0%, or 1.5%, or 2%, or 2.5%, or 3%, or 3.5%, or 4%, or 4.5%, or 5%, or 5.5%, or 6%, or 6.5%, or 7%, or 7.5%, or 8%, or 8.5%, or 9%, or 9.5%, or 10%, or 15%, or 20%, or 25%, or 30%, or 35%, or 40%, or 45%, or 50%.

Heat Transfer Fluid: Heat Transfer Fluid may comprise a fluid, such as one or more or any combination of liquids or liquid phases, which may be employed in transferring heat, or cooling, or heating, or storing heat, or storing ‘cold’, or any combination thereof. Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Temperature Range: A Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Temperature Range may comprise the temperature range which a liquid-liquid phase

transition composition, when heated or cooled through the temperature range, experiences a change in the number, or volume, or distribution, or composition, chemical distribution, or viscosity, or any combination thereof of liquid phases. A Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Temperature Range may coincide with or correlate with an Enthalpy of Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Temperature Range, which may comprise the temperature range where the effective specific heat capacity of a composition may be greater than the additive specific heat capacities of each of the compositions' individual chemical components. A Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Temperature Range may coincide with or correlate with an Enthalpy of Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition Temperature Range, which may comprise the temperature range where a composition absorbs or releases heat from a liquid-liquid phase transition.

Cloud Point Temperature: A cloud point temperature may comprise the temperature which a composition experiences a significant or dramatic change in its opacity. In some embodiments, cloud point temperature may comprise a temperature which a composition changes from a single liquid phase to two or more liquid phases, or from two or more liquid phases to a single liquid phases. In some embodiments, a cloud point temperature may exist in or correlate with an a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range.

Membrane-Based Process: A Membrane-Based Process may comprise a separation process. A Membrane-Based Process may comprise a cooling process or storage process. A Membrane-Based Process may comprise a separation process employing a membrane. For example, a membrane-based process may comprise including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: reverse osmosis, or nanofiltration, or organic solvent nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration, or microfiltration, or forward osmosis, or osmotically assisted reverse osmosis, or osmotically assisted nanofiltration, or electrodialysis, or electrodialysis reversal, or membrane distillation.

Desired Volume of Heat Transfer Fluid: Some heat transfer loops must maintain a minimum level or volume of heat transfer fluid to enable the heat transfer loop to function or operate properly. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to monitor or control the amount of liquid or ‘fluid’ added and/or removed from a heat transfer loop to ensure the volume or level of heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop is sufficient for the heat transfer loop to properly function and/or operate. The desired volume of heat transfer fluid or desired level of heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer loop may vary depending on, including, but not limited to, for example, one or more or any combination of the following: the state of operations, or the volumetric capacity of the heat transfer loop, or the heat transfer loop flow rate, or the nature of the thermal load, or the viscosity of the heat transfer fluid, or the physical properties of the heat transfer fluid, or the pressure of the heat transfer fluid, or the pressure drop of the heat transfer fluid, or any combination thereof.

Excess Solvent: Excess Solvent may comprise the portion of solvent removed or to be removed to provide volumetric space or capacity or to otherwise enable or facilitate the installation or addition of chemical to a heat transfer loop. Some heat transfer loops have limited volumetric capacity. In some embodiments, when chemical is added to a heat transfer loop, some of the heat transfer fluid must be removed from the heat transfer loop to provide space for the volume of chemical added. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the portion of heat transfer fluid removed to comprise solvent, rather than chemical. In some embodiments, a membrane-based process may be employed to enable a portion of solvent to be removed from the heat transfer loop, while enabling chemical to remain in the heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, a membrane-based process may be employed to separate the portion of heat transfer fluid removed into a permeate and a retentate, wherein the permeate may comprise solvent and the retentate may comprise chemical. The retentate may be added or returned to the heat transfer loop. The permeate may comprise solvent or ‘excess solvent’, which may indicate the solvent is being or has been removed from the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop.

Effective Specific Heat Capacity: The effective specific heat capacity may comprise the measured specific heat capacity of a liquid-liquid phase transition composition in an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. The effective specific heat capacity may be different than the specific heat capacity of the individual isolated chemical components of a composition because of the heat absorbed or released in an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition.

Effective Thermal Conductivity: The effective thermal conductivity may comprise the measured thermal conductivity of a liquid-liquid phase transition composition in an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. The effective thermal conductivity may be different than the thermal conductivity of the individual isolated chemical components of a composition because of the heat absorbed or released in an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition and/or convective heat transfer properties due to changes in the number, or volume, or amount, or properties, or any combination thereof of liquid phases in a liquid-liquid phase transition composition.

DESCRIPTION Example FIG. 1 Detailed Description

Summary:

FIG. 1 may comprise an example of systems and/or methods for installing, or adding, or adjusting, or removing, or swapping, or any combination thereof chemical in a heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, components labeled “L1-L-5, P1, RE-1, HE-2” may comprise an example heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, components labeled “L6-L-27, P2-P4, V1-V5, C1-C3 Storage, Solvent Storage, LLS, NF, Port 1, Port 2” may comprise an example of systems and/or methods for installing, or adding, or adjusting, or removing, or swapping, or any combination thereof. The heat transfer loop may comprise monitoring or flow control equipment, which may comprise components of the systems and/or methods for installing, or adding, or adjusting, or removing, or swapping, or any combination thereof chemical.

FIG. 1 may further comprise additional equipment which may not be shown in the drawing. For example, additional equipment may include, but are not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: chiller, or thermal storage, or buffer tank, or air coil, or additional thermal loads, or thermal load, or HVAC equipment, or pump, or valve, or flow controller, or flow meter, or concentration monitor, or water treatment chemical supplier, or water treatment chemical monitor, or corrosion monitor, or degradation monitor, or specific heat capacity measurement system or method, or thermal conductivity measurement system or method, or system or method for measuring the number and/or volume of liquid phases, or system or method for measuring or monitoring viscosity, or system or method for measuring or monitoring pressure drop, or pressure sensor, or temperature sensor.

FIG. 1 may show a system with capability to add, or adjust, or replace, or remove, or store, or any combination thereof up to three different chemicals and one solvent. For example, in some embodiments, the three chemicals and one solvent may comprise, for example, C1: PPG 425, C2: PPG 725, C3: PPG 1000, Solvent: Water. For example, in some embodiments, the three chemical may comprise, for example, C1: PPG 725, C2: PPG 1000, C3: PPG 2000 Solvent: Water+Ethylene Glycol. For example, in some embodiments, the chemicals and one solvent may comprise, for example, C1: PPG 1000, C2: PPG 2000, Solvent: Water+Ethylene Glycol. FIG. 1 Key:

FIG. 1 Key Label Description L1 L1 may comprise Heat Transfer Fluid in Heat Transfer Loop. May comprise a pipe. L2 L2 may comprise Heat Transfer Fluid in Heat Transfer Loop. May comprise a pipe. L3 L3 may comprise Heat Transfer Fluid in Heat Transfer Loop. May comprise a pipe. L4 L4 may comprise Heat Transfer Fluid in Heat Transfer Loop. May comprise a pipe. L5 L5 may comprise Heat Transfer Fluid in Heat Transfer Loop. May comprise a pipe. L6 L6 may comprise a portion of Heat Transfer Fluid transferred from the Heat Transfer Loop. May comprise a pipe to Heat Transfer Fluid transferred to or from the Heat Transfer Loop. L6 may be cooled to below a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range or cloud point temperature. L7 L7 may comprise pressurized heat transfer fluid, which may comprise feed for a membrane-based separation process, such as nanofiltration. L7 may be cooled to below a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range or cloud point temperature. L7 may comprise a single-liquid phase state solution. May comprise a portion of Heat Transfer Fluid transferred from the Heat Transfer Loop. May comprise a pipe to Heat Transfer Fluid transferred to or from the Heat Transfer Loop. L8 L8 may comprise retentate from a separation process or membrane-based separation process, such as nanofiltration. L8 may comprise chemical and/ or solvent, or may comprise a composition comprising chemical and/or solvent. L9 L9 may comprise permeate from a separation process or membrane-based separation process, such as nanofiltration. L9 may comprise solvent. L10 L10 may comprise liquid transferred to or from V5. L10 may comprise retentate transferred to V5. L10 may be employed, for example, if the system is adding a portion of chemical to a heat transfer loop, while, for example, removing a portion of solvent. L11 L11 may comprise retentate transferred to LLS, which may comprise a liquid-liquid separation system or method. L12 L12 may comprise a liquid phase separated in LLS. L12 may comprise a pipe for transferring one or more liquid phases separated in LLS. For example, in some embodiments, L12 may comprise a separated liquid phase comprising a solvent. For example, in some embodiments, L12 may comprise a separated liquid phase comprising a chemical. For example, in some embodiments, L12 may comprise a separated liquid phase comprising a solvent, or a separated liquid phase comprising a chemical, or any combination thereof. L13 L13 may comprise solvent being transferred from or to V2. L13 may comprise permeate comprising solvent and a chemical being transferred to LLS. L13 may comprise solvent from LLS being transferred to V2. L13 may comprise permeate being transferred to LLS from NF. L14 L14 may comprise the same as L12. L14 may comprise L12 after pumping. L14 may comprise the fluid from L12 being transferred to V3. L15 L15 may comprise permeate or solvent transferred from V2 to V3. L16 L16 may comprise liquid transferred to or from V2. L16 may comprise permeate or solvent transferred from V2 to V5. L17 L17 may comprise solvent transferred from V3 to Solvent Storage. L18 L18 may comprise chemical, which may comprise Chemical 3, being transferred to C3 Storage. L19 L19 may comprise chemical, which may comprise Chemical 2, being transferred to C2 Storage. L20 L20 may comprise chemical, which may comprise Chemical 1, being transferred to CI Storage. L21 L21 may comprise solvent being transferred from Solvent Storage to V4. L22 L22 may comprise chemical, which may comprise Chemical 3, being transferred from C3 Storage to V4. L23 L23 may comprise chemical, which may comprise Chemical 2, being transferred from C2 Storage to V4. L24 L24 may comprise chemical, which may comprise Chemical 1, being transferred from Cl Storage to V4. L25 L25 may comprise a liquid transferred from V4 to P4. L26 L26 may comprise a liquid transferred from P4 to V5. L27 L27 may comprise a liquid or fluid transferred from V5 into Port 2, which may comprise adding a liquid or fluid, such as a chemical, or a solvent, or any combination thereof, to a heat transfer loop. HE-1 HE-1 may comprise a heat exchanger, or a thermal load, or an application requiring cooling, or an application requiring heating. HE-2 HE-2 may comprise a heat exchanger, or a thermal load, or an application requiring cooling, or an application requiring heating. P1 P1 may comprise a pump, or flow meter, or flow controller, or valve, or monitoring equipment, or viscosity measuring equipment, or concentration monitoring equipment, or composition monitoring equipment, or a heating device, or a chilling device, or a chemical dosing device, or any combination thereof. P2 P2 may comprise a pump, or flow meter, or flow controller, or valve, or monitoring equipment, or viscosity measuring equipment, or concentration monitoring equipment, or composition monitoring equipment, or a heating device, or a chilling device, or a chemical dosing device, or any combination thereof. P3 P3 may comprise a pump, or flow meter, or flow controller, or valve, or monitoring equipment, or viscosity measuring equipment, or concentration monitoring equipment, or composition monitoring equipment, or a heating device, or a chilling device, or a chemical dosing device, or any combination thereof. P4 P4 may comprise a pump, or flow meter, or flow controller, or valve, or monitoring equipment, or viscosity measuring equipment, or concentration monitoring equipment, or composition monitoring equipment, or a heating device, or a chilling device, or a chemical dosing device, or any combination thereof. V1 V1 may comprise a valve, or a pump, or flow meter, or flow controller, or monitoring equipment, or viscosity measuring equipment, or concentration monitoring equipment, or composition monitoring equipment, or a heating device, or a chilling device, or a chemical dosing device, or any combination thereof. V1 may direct the transfer of retentate from NF. V2 V2 may comprise a valve, or a pump, or flow meter, or flow controller, or monitoring equipment, or viscosity measuring equipment, or concentration monitoring equipment, or composition monitoring equipment, or a heating device, or a chilling device, or a chemical dosing device, or any combination thereof. V2 may direct the transfer of permeate from NF, or solvent to or from LLS, or any combination thereof. V3 V3 may comprise a valve, or a pump, or flow meter, or flow controller, or monitoring equipment, or viscosity measuring equipment, or concentration monitoring equipment, or composition monitoring equipment, or a heating device, or a chilling device, or a chemical dosing device, or any combination thereof. V3 may direct the transfer of solvent, or chemical, or any combination thereof from various sources to storage. V4 V4 may comprise a valve, or a pump, or flow meter, or flow controller, or monitoring equipment, or viscosity measuring equipment, or concentration monitoring equipment, or composition monitoring equipment, or a heating device, or a chilling device, or a chemical dosing device, or any combination thereof. V4 may direct the transfer of solvent, or chemical, or any combination thereof from storage to the heat transfer loop, or various uses, or any combination thereof. V5 V3 may comprise a valve, or a pump, or flow meter, or flow controller, or monitoring equipment, or viscosity measuring equipment, or concentration monitoring equipment, or composition monitoring equipment, or a heating device, or a chilling device, or a chemical dosing device, or any combination thereof. V3 may direct the transfer of solvent, or chemical, or any combination thereof from various sources to the heat transfer loop. C1 Storage C1 Storage may comprise storage for a chemical, such as Chemical 1. C2 Storage C2 Storage may comprise storage for a chemical, such as Chemical 2. C3 Storage C3 Storage may comprise storage for a chemical, such as Chemical 3. Port 1 Port 1 may comprise an opening to a heat transfer loop. Port 1 may comprise where heat transfer fluid, or solvent, or chemical, or any combination thereof may be removed from or added to the heat transfer loop. Port 1 may be where heat transfer fluid may be removed from the heat transfer loop. Port 2 Port 2 may comprise an opening to a heat transfer loop. Port 2 may comprise where heat transfer fluid, or solvent, or chemical, or any combination thereof may be removed from or added to the heat transfer loop. Port 2 may be where heat transfer fluid may be added to the heat transfer loop. Solvent Storage Solvent Storage may comprise storage for a solvent. NF NF may comprise a separation system or method. NF may separate a portion of heat transfer fluid. For example, NF may separate heat transfer fluid or removed heat transfer fluid into solvent and/or chemical. For example, NF may separate heat transfer fluid or removed heat transfer fluid into two or more streams. For example, NF may separate heat transfer fluid or removed heat transfer fluid into a first stream and a second stream, wherein the first stream may comprise a first chemical and a second stream may comprise a second chemical. For example, NF may comprise a membrane-based process. For example, NF may comprise nanofiltration, or reverse osmosis, or organic solvent nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration, or microfiltration, or osmotically assisted reverse osmosis, or forward osmosis, or any combination thereof. For example, NF may separate a heat transfer fluid, which may comprise a heat transfer fluid stream, into a retentate and a permeate. LLS LLS may comprise a separation process. LLS may comprise a liquid-liquid separation process. LLS may comprise storage or temporary storage. LLS may comprise, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: decanter, or tank, or enclosure, or storage, or centrifuge, or coalescer, or filter, or cyclone, or de-emulsifier, or a heater, or a cooler, or a chiller, or a concentration monitor, or a opacity monitor, or a liquid phase monitor, or a composition monitor, or a temperature monitor, or a viscosity monitor, or phase monitor, or liquid phase monitor, or diffraction monitor, or volume monitor, or density monitor, or specific heat monitor.

FIG. 1 Example Step-by-Step Descriptions:

Example Adding Chemical:

-   -   (1) An operator, which may be a human, or animal, or computer,         or an AI, or any combination thereof, may determine it is         desirable to add at least a portion of a chemical to a heat         transfer loop. For the present example, the chemical added to         the heat transfer loop may comprise Chemical 2, which, for the         present example, may comprise, for example, PPG 1000.     -   (2) Adding Chemical: A portion of Chemical 2 may be transferred         from storage and may be added to the Heat Transfer Loop. For         example, a portion of Chemical 2 may be transferred from C2         Storage through L24, through V4, through L-25, through P4,         through L26, through V5, through L27, and/or through Port 2 into         the heat transfer loop.     -   (3) Removing Heat Transfer Fluid: A portion of Heat Transfer         Fluid may be removed from the heat transfer loop. For example, a         portion of Heat Transfer Fluid may be transferred from L1 or L2,         through Port 2, through P2, through L7, to NF.         -   Note: It is important to note that, in some embodiments,             heat transfer fluid or solvent may not be removed when             chemical is removed.     -   (4) Separating Heat Transfer Fluid using NF: Heat transferred         fluid transferred to NF may be separated into a retentate and a         permeate. In some embodiments, chemical may be added when little         or no chemical may be present in the heat transfer fluid in the         heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, chemical may be added         when chemical may be present in the heat transfer fluid in the         heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, if, for example,         chemical is present in the Heat Transfer Fluid and/or the         chemical present possesses a molecular weight sufficiently large         to be rejected by the NF membrane, the permeate may comprise         solvent and the retentate may comprise chemical or a solution         comprising chemical and solvent. For example, in the present         example, the permeate may comprise water and the retentate may         comprise PPG 1000. In some embodiments, the retentate may         comprise a concentration of chemical greater than, for example,         5 wt %, or 10 wt %, or 15 wt %, or 20 wt %, or 25 wt %, or 30 wt         %, or 35%, or 40 wt %, or 45 wt %, or 50 wt %, or any         combination thereof chemical. For example, for the present         example, the retentate may comprise an aqueous solution of PPG         1000 with a 35 wt % PPG 1000 concentration. In some embodiments,         it may be desirable for the heat transfer fluid to be at a         single liquid phase state, or at a temperature below an LCST         cloud point, or at a temperature above an UCST cloud point, or         any combination thereof before or during separation using NF.         For example, in the present example, it may be desirable to cool         the heat transfer fluid below the liquid-liquid phase transition         temperature range or cloud point temperature of PPG 1000 at the         concentration of the retentate solution before or during NF. For         example, in the present example, it may be desirable to cool the         heat transfer fluid below the liquid-liquid phase transition         temperature range or cloud point temperature of PPG 1000 at the         concentration of the retentate solution before or during NF, to,         for example, ensure the heat transfer fluid is at a single         liquid phase during NF separation.     -   (5) Adding Retentate to Heat Transfer Loop: Retentate may be         added to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop. For         example, retentate may be transferred from NF, through L8,         through V1, through L10, through V5, through L27, through Port         2, and/or into the heat transfer loop.     -   (6) Storing Permeate: Permeate, which may comprise solvent, may         be transferred to storage or stored. For example, permeate may         be transferred from NF, through L9, through V2, through L15,         through V3, through L17, and/or into Solvent Storage.     -   (7) Pausing or Changing Rate of Removal of Heat Transfer Fluid         and/or Addition of Chemical when desired, or when desired         concentration of chemical is achieved in the heat transfer loop,         or any combination thereof.

Example Removing Chemical:

-   -   (1) An operator, which may be a human, or animal, or computer,         or an AI, or any combination thereof, may determine it is         desirable to remove at least a portion of chemical to a heat         transfer loop.     -   (2) Adding Solvent: A portion of solvent may be transferred from         storage and may be added to the Heat Transfer Loop. For example,         a portion of Solvent may be transferred from Solvent Storage         through L21, through V4, through L-25, through P4, through L-26,         through V5, through L27, and/or through Port 2 into the heat         transfer loop. Note: It is important to note that, in some         embodiments, solvent may not be added when chemical is removed.     -   (3) Removing Heat Transfer Fluid: A portion of Heat Transfer         Fluid may be removed from the heat transfer loop. For example, a         portion of Heat Transfer Fluid may be transferred from L1 or L2,         through Port 2, through P2, through L7, to NF.     -   (4) Separating Heat Transfer Fluid using NF: Heat transferred         fluid transferred to NF may be separated into a retentate and a         permeate. In some embodiments, chemical may be added when little         or no chemical may be present in the heat transfer fluid in the         heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, chemical may be added         when chemical may be present in the heat transfer fluid in the         heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, if, for example,         chemical is present in the Heat Transfer Fluid and/or the         chemical present possesses a molecular weight sufficiently large         to be rejected by the NF membrane, the permeate may comprise         solvent and the retentate may comprise chemical or a solution         comprising chemical and solvent. For example, in the present         example, the permeate may comprise water and the retentate may         comprise PPG 1000. In some embodiments, the retentate may         comprise a concentration of chemical greater than, for example,         5 wt %, or 10 wt %, or 15 wt %, or 20 wt %, or 25 wt %, or 30 wt         %, or 35%, or 40 wt %, or 45 wt %, or 50 wt %, or any         combination thereof chemical. For example, for the present         example, the retentate may comprise an aqueous solution of PPG         1000 with a 35 wt % PPG 1000 concentration. In some embodiments,         it may be desirable for the heat transfer fluid to be at a         single liquid phase state, or at a temperature below an LCST         cloud point, or at a temperature above an UCST cloud point, or         any combination thereof before or during separation using NF.         For example, in the present example, it may be desirable to cool         the heat transfer fluid below the liquid-liquid phase transition         temperature range or cloud point temperature of PPG 1000 at the         concentration of the retentate solution before or during NF. For         example, in the present example, it may be desirable to cool the         heat transfer fluid below the liquid-liquid phase transition         temperature range or cloud point temperature of PPG 1000 at the         concentration of the retentate solution before or during NF, to,         for example, ensure the heat transfer fluid is at a single         liquid phase during NF separation.     -   (5) Separating Retentate into a Liquid Phase Comprising Solvent         and a Liquid Phase Comprising Chemical: The retentate may be at         a multi-liquid phase state or may be transformed into a         multi-liquid phase state. For example, the retentate may be         heated before or during LLS to form a multi-liquid phase         mixture, or a mixture comprising two liquid phases. For example,         the retentate may undergo a liquid-liquid phase transition into         a first liquid phase and a second liquid phase, wherein the         first liquid phase comprises solvent and the second liquid phase         comprises chemical. For the present example, the first liquid         phase may comprise greater than 80 wt %, or 85 wt %, or 90 wt %,         or 95 wt % water and the second liquid phase may comprise         greater than 70 wt %, or 75 wt %, or 80 wt %, or 85 wt %, or 90         wt %, or 95 wt % PPG 1000. LLS may separate the first liquid         phase from the second liquid phase. For the present example, LLS         may allow the liquid phases to settle, wherein the first liquid         phase forms a first liquid layer and the second liquid phase         comprises a second liquid layer within a tank or storage vessel         and/or LLS may separate the first liquid phase and the second         liquid phase by, for example, decanting.     -   (6) Storing Chemical: In some embodiments, separated second         liquid phase, which may comprise a chemical, may be transferred         to chemical storage. For example, a liquid phase comprising         Chemical 2 may be transferred to C2 Storage. For the present         example, a liquid phase comprising PPG 1000 may be transferred         to storage for PPG 1000.         -   Note: In some embodiments, separated second liquid phase,             which may comprise a chemical, may be added to the heat             transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop. For example, a             liquid phase comprising Chemical 2 may be added to the heat             transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop. For the present             example, a liquid phase comprising PPG 1000 may be added to             the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop.     -   (7) Adding Solvent: In some embodiments, separated first liquid         phase, which may comprise a solvent, may be added to the heat         transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop. For example, a liquid         phase comprising solvent may be added to the heat transfer fluid         in the heat transfer loop. For the present example, a liquid         phase comprising water may be added to the heat transfer fluid         in the heat transfer loop. For example, separated first liquid         phase may be transferred from LLS, through L13, through V2,         through L16, through V5, through L27, through Port 2, and/or         into the heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, the separate         first liquid phase may undergo further purification to remove,         for example, at least a portion of residual chemical. For         example, in some embodiments, the first liquid phase may be         transferred to NF, or to a different or additional membrane         based process, or any combination thereof, wherein the permeate         may comprise solvent which may be added to the heat transfer         loop or may be stored.         -   Note: In some embodiments, separated first liquid phase,             which may comprise a solvent, may be transferred to solvent             storage. For example, a liquid phase comprising solvent may             be transferred to Solvent Storage. For the present example,             a liquid phase comprising water may be transferred to             storage for water.     -   (8) Pausing or Changing Rate of Removal of Heat Transfer Fluid         and/or Addition of Chemical when desired, or when desired         concentration of chemical is achieved in the heat transfer loop,         or any combination thereof.

Note: In some embodiments, removing a portion of heat transfer fluid from a heat transfer loop may be conducted before adding to the heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, removing a portion of heat transfer fluid from a heat transfer loop may be conducted before adding a portion of a composition comprising chemical to the heat transfer loop. In some embodiments, removing a portion of heat transfer fluid from a heat transfer loop may be conducted before adding a portion of a composition comprising solvent to the heat transfer loop.

Detailed Description:

Some embodiments may enable the addition or installation of chemical to a heat transfer loop, while ensuring added chemical remains in the heat transfer loop while excess solvent is removed from the heat transfer loop.

Some embodiments may enable the removal of chemical from a heat transfer loop, while enabling the addition of solvent to the heat transfer loop and/or enabling consistent or desired levels of heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop.

Some embodiments may enable the selective replacement of one chemical with a different chemical, or the adjustment in concentration of one chemical relative to a different chemical, or any combination thereof within a heat transfer loop.

Example Embodiment

-   -   (1) Replacing a First Chemical, such as PPG 425, in Process with         a Solvent, such as Water:     -   Option 1: Remove a portion of heat transfer fluid from a heat         transfer loop. Transfer the said removed portion of heat         transfer fluid into a membrane-based process, such as RO or NF.         It may be desirable for the removed portion of heat transfer         fluid to comprise a single liquid phase combined solution, or a         liquid-liquid phase transition composition below its cloud point         temperature or liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range.         In some embodiments, it may be desirable to cool the         liquid-liquid phase transition composition below its cloud point         temperature or liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range         to form a single liquid phase combined solution before or while         transferring to a membrane-based process. The membrane-based         process may separate the removed portion of heat transfer fluid         into a permeate and a retentate. The permeate, such may comprise         water, may be transferred to or added to the heat transfer loop.         Additional water, which may be from storage, may be added to the         heat transfer loop and/or the additional water may comprise a         volume of water about the same as the volume of retentate. It         may be desirable for the water added to the process, for         example, in the form of permeate or additional water, to be         about the same volume as the volume of the portion of net heat         transfer fluid removed or volume of retentate to, for example,         maintain a consistent level or amount or volume of heat transfer         fluid in the heat transfer loop and/or to ensure the heat         transfer loop possesses a desired amount of heat transfer fluid.         The retentate may be transferred to a liquid-liquid separation         process, or storage, or any combination thereof. The present         process may be conducted until the concentration of the first         chemical is below a certain threshold or level or concentration         in the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop. In some         embodiments, the membrane-based process may be conducted with         the heat transfer fluid below a cloud point temperature. In some         embodiments, the membrane-based process may be conducted with         the heat transfer fluid above a cloud point temperature.     -   Option 2:         -   Step A: A portion of Solvent, such as water, may be added to             a heat transfer loop and a portion of heat transfer fluid             may be removed from the heat transfer loop. The portion of             removed heat transfer fluid may be stored. As Solvent is             added, the concentration of First Chemical in the heat             transfer loop may decrease, and the concentration of First             Chemical in the removed heat transfer fluid decrease. The             portion of removed heat transfer fluid may be stored, which             may enable the First Chemical and/or solvent in the portion             of removed heat transfer fluid to be recovered or separated.             When the concentration of the First Chemical reaches a             desired level in the heat transfer fluid in the heat             transfer loop, the adding of First Chemical may be stopped             and the removing of a portion of heat transfer may be             stopped.         -   Step B: Stored removed heat transfer fluid may comprise a             single liquid phase combined solution, or a multi-liquid             phase mixture, or any combination thereof and/or may be             below, or at, or above a cloud point temperature range or             liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. The stored             removed heat transfer fluid may be at or below a cloud point             temperature range or liquid-liquid phase transition             temperature range, it may be desirable to heat the heat             transfer fluid to a temperature at or above its cloud point             temperature range or liquid-liquid phase transition             temperature range (if LCST) or it may be desirable to cool             the heat transfer fluid to a temperature at or below its             cloud point temperature range or liquid-liquid phase             transition temperature range (if UCST), to form a             multi-liquid phase mixture or a composition comprising two             liquid phases. The two liquid phases may be separated by a             liquid-liquid separation or physical separation, such as,             for example, settling, or coalescing, or decanting. One of             the two liquid phases may comprise First Chemical and one of             the two liquid phases may comprise Solvent. The liquid phase             comprising First Chemical may be stored in a tank storing             First Chemical. The liquid phase comprising Solvent may be             stored in a tank storing Solvent. In some embodiments, the             liquid phase comprising Solvent may be further purified to,             for example, remove or separate at least a portion of             residual First Chemical, which may be conducted using, for             example, a membrane-based process, such as RO or NF. In some             embodiments, it may be desirable to cool the solution to a             temperature at or below the liquid-liquid phase transition             temperature range of the First Chemical at its concentration             in the resulting retentate solution. The permeate from said             membrane-based process may comprise Solvent. The retentate             from said membrane-based process may be transferred to the             storage of removed heat transfer fluid for further             separating.     -   (2) Separate Retentate into a Liquid Phase Comprising a First         Chemical, such as PPG 425, and a liquid phase comprising a         Solvent, such as Water: Retentate may be heated to at or above         the cloud point temperature or liquid-liquid phase transition         temperature range, which may result in the formation of a         multi-liquid phase mixture comprising two liquid phases. The two         liquid phases may be stored and/or separated. For example, the         two liquid phases may be stored in a settling tank or decanter.         The liquid phase comprising first chemical may separate, such as         gravitationally, into a distinct liquid layer from the liquid         phase comprising the solvent. The liquid layer comprising first         chemical may be separated from the liquid layer comprising         solvent by, for example, decanting. The separated liquid phase         comprising first chemical may be stored in a storage tank         storing first chemical. The liquid phase comprising solvent may         be stored in a storage tank storing solvent. In some         embodiments, the liquid phase comprising solvent may be further         purified to, for example, remove a portion of residual First         Chemical, by employing a membrane-based process such as         nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (RO). Retentate from said         further purification membrane-based process may be mixed with         the retentate before, during, or after formation of a         multi-liquid phase mixture. Permeate from said further         purification membrane based process may comprise solvent and may         be stored as solvent.     -   (3)     -   Option 1: Adding or Installing Chemical, such as Second         Chemical, into a Heat Transfer Loop while removing a portion of         Solvent, such as water, while avoid or preventing or minimizing         the removal of Second Chemical when removing said portion of         Solvent from the Heat Transfer Loop. Removing a portion of         Solvent when adding Second Chemical may be required to ensure         the volume of heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop or         thermal storage system remains relatively consistent or at a         desired amount or level:         -   A portion of Second Chemical may be added to the heat             transfer loop while a portion of heat transfer fluid may be             removed from the heat transfer loop. Said portion of removed             heat transfer fluid may be separated into a retentate and a             permeate using a membrane-based process, such as NF or RO.             The retentate may comprise Second Chemical or a solution of             Second Chemical and solvent, and/or may be added to or             returned to the heat transfer loop. The permeate may             comprise solvent and/or may be stored.         -   It may be desirable to monitor the volume of heat transfer             fluid in the heat transfer loop and/or the liquid levels. It             may be desirable for the volume of Second Chemical added to             be about the same as the volume of permeate removed to, for             example, ensure the volume of liquid in the heat transfer             loop remains consistent or at a desired level. Storage tanks             or buffer tanks may be employed to ensure proper process             operation or liquid volumes or liquid flow rates in, for             example, the heat transfer loop, even in the event of one             step in the process operating at a different rate than             another step in the process, or a disruption or interruption             in the process, or any combination thereof.     -   Option 2:         -   Step A: A portion of Second Chemical, such as PPG 1000, may             be added to a heat transfer loop and a portion of heat             transfer fluid may be removed from the heat transfer loop.             The portion of removed heat transfer fluid may be stored. As             Second Chemical is added, the concentration of second             chemical in the heat transfer loop increases, and the             concentration of Second Chemical in the removed heat             transfer fluid increases. The portion of removed heat             transfer fluid may be stored, which may enable the Second             Chemical and/or solvent in the portion of removed heat             transfer fluid to be recovered or separated. When the             concentration of the Second Chemical reaches a desired level             in the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop, the             adding of Second Chemical may be stopped and the removing of             a portion of heat transfer may be stopped.         -   Step B: Stored removed heat transfer fluid may comprise a             single liquid phase combined solution, or a multi-liquid             phase mixture, or any combination thereof and/or may be             below, or at, or above a cloud point temperature range or             liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range. The stored             removed heat transfer fluid may be at or below a cloud point             temperature range or liquid-liquid phase transition             temperature range, it may be desirable to heat the heat             transfer fluid to a temperature at or above its cloud point             temperature range or liquid-liquid phase transition             temperature range (if LCST) or it may be desirable to cool             the heat transfer fluid to a temperature at or below its             cloud point temperature range or liquid-liquid phase             transition temperature range (if UCST), to form a             multi-liquid phase mixture or a composition comprising two             liquid phases. The two liquid phases may be separated by a             liquid-liquid separation or physical separation, such as,             for example, settling, or coalescing, or decanting. One of             the two liquid phases may comprise Second Chemical and one             of the two liquid phases may comprise Solvent. The liquid             phase comprising Second Chemical may be stored in a tank             storing Second Chemical. The liquid phase comprising Solvent             may be stored in a tank storing Solvent. In some             embodiments, the liquid phase comprising Solvent may be             further purified to, for example, remove or separate at             least a portion of residual Second Chemical, which may be             conducted using, for example, a membrane-based process, such             as RO or NF.             -   In some embodiments, it may be desirable to cool the                 solution to a temperature at or below the liquid-liquid                 phase transition temperature range of the Second                 Chemical at its concentration in the resulting retentate                 solution. The permeate from said membrane-based process                 may comprise Solvent. The retentate from said                 membrane-based process may be transferred to the storage                 of removed heat transfer fluid for further separating.         -   Note: (1), or (2), or (3) may comprise individual processes             and/or may be conducted independently. (1), or (2), or (3)             may comprise individual and/or independent embodiments. For             example, (3) may be employed as a system or process for             installing chemical in a system or process, such as a heat             transfer system, or heat transfer loop, or thermal storage             system. For example, (1) may be employed as a system or             process for removing chemical from a system or process, such             as a heat transfer system, or heat transfer loop, or thermal             storage system. For example, (2) may be employed as a system             or process for separating and/or storing liquid-liquid phase             transition compositions.

Example Embodiment

-   -   In some embodiments, multiple chemicals may be present in a heat         transfer loop, or heat transfer fluid, or heat transfer fluid in         the heat transfer loop, or any combination thereof         simultaneously. Some embodiments may involve adjusting the         concentration of a first chemical, or adjusting the         concentration of a second chemical, or adjusting the         concentration of a third chemical, or adjusting the         concentration of a chemical, or removing a chemical, or adding a         chemical, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments may         involving removing or adding a First Chemical, while enabling a         Second Chemical to remain in the heat transfer loop. For         example, some embodiments may employ membrane-based processes         with different pore size membranes, or membranes with different         molecular weight cutoffs, or membranes with optimized molecular         weight cutoffs, or any combination thereof to enable the         separation or addition of one chemical relative to another         chemical, or enable the selective adjustment in concentration of         a chemical, or any combination thereof.     -   For example, some embodiments may involve adding a first         chemical to a heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer loop while         removing a second chemical from the heat transfer fluid in the         heat transfer loop. For example, a portion of first chemical may         be added to a heat transfer loop and a portion of heat transfer         fluid may be removed from the heat transfer loop. The portion of         heat transfer fluid removed from the heat transfer loop may be         transferred into a membrane-based process. It may be desirable         for the portion of heat transfer fluid removed from the heat         transfer loop to be at a single liquid phase combined solution         state or at a temperature at or below a cloud point or at or         below a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range before         or while entering the membrane-based process. The membrane-based         process may be designed to selectively separate a first chemical         from a second chemical, or a second chemical from a first         chemical, or any combination thereof. For example, a         membrane-based process may employ a membrane with a molecular         weight cutoff or pore size sufficiently large to allow the         second chemical to permeate the membrane, while sufficiently         small to reject at least a portion of the first chemical. For         example, the first chemical may comprise PPG 1000, while the         second chemical may comprise PPG 425. In some embodiments, the         membrane-based process may employ, for example, a nanofiltration         membrane with a pore size such that at least a portion of the         PPG 1000 may be rejected, while at least a portion of the PPG         425 permeates the membrane. For example, the retentate may         comprise the First Chemical, and may be added to or transferred         to or returned to the heat transfer loop. For example, the         permeate may comprise the Second Chemical, and may be stored.         Said stored permeate may be separated into two liquid phases in         a liquid-liquid phase transition and a liquid-liquid separation         and/or additional purification may separate said stored permeate         into separately stored Second Chemical and Solvent. In some         embodiments, it may be desirable for the volume of First         Chemical and/or retentate and/or additional solvent added to the         heat transfer loop to be about the same or similar to the volume         of permeate removed to, for example, enable a consistent volume         of heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop or to enable a         desired volume of heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop.         The addition of First Chemical, and/or the removal of Heat         Transfer Fluid, or the membrane-based process, or the addition         of retentate to the heat transfer loop, or the addition of         additional solvent to the heat transfer loop, or removal or         storage of permeate, or any combination thereof may be paused or         adjusted when a desired concentration of First Chemical, or         desired concentration of Second Chemical, or any combination         thereof may be reached.     -   For example, some embodiments may involve adding a second         chemical to a heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer loop while         removing a first chemical from the heat transfer fluid in the         heat transfer loop. For example, a portion of second chemical         may be added to a heat transfer loop and a portion of heat         transfer fluid may be removed from the heat transfer loop. The         portion of heat transfer fluid removed from the heat transfer         loop may be transferred into a membrane-based process. It may be         desirable for the portion of heat transfer fluid removed from         the heat transfer loop to be at a single liquid phase combined         solution state or at a temperature at or below a cloud point or         at or below a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range         before or while entering the membrane-based process. The         membrane-based process may be designed to selectively separate a         first chemical from a second chemical, or a second chemical from         a first chemical, or any combination thereof. For example, a         membrane-based process may employ a membrane with a molecular         weight cutoff or pore size sufficiently large to allow the         second chemical to permeate the membrane, while sufficiently         small to reject at least a portion of the first chemical. For         example, the first chemical may comprise PPG 1000, while the         second chemical may comprise PPG 425. In some embodiments, the         membrane-based process may employ, for example, a nanofiltration         membrane with a pore size such that at least a portion of the         PPG 1000 may be rejected, while at least a portion of the PPG         425 permeates the membrane. For example, the permeate may         comprise the Second Chemical, and may be added to or transferred         to or returned to the heat transfer loop. For example, the         retentate may comprise the First Chemical, and may be stored.         Said stored retentate may be separated into two liquid phases in         a liquid-liquid phase transition and a liquid-liquid separation         and/or additional purification may separate said stored permeate         into separately stored First Chemical and Solvent. In some         embodiments, it may be desirable for the volume of First         Chemical and/or retentate and/or additional solvent removed from         the heat transfer loop to be about the same or similar to the         volume of permeate added to, for example, enable a consistent         volume of heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop or to         enable a desired volume of heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop. The addition of Second Chemical, and/or the         removal of Heat Transfer Fluid, or the membrane-based process,         or the addition of permeate to the heat transfer loop, or the         addition of additional solvent to the heat transfer loop, or         removal or storage of retentate, or any combination thereof may         be paused or adjusted when a desired concentration of First         Chemical, or desired concentration of Second Chemical, or any         combination thereof may be reached.

In some embodiments, the flow rate of fluid, such as liquid, entering and/or exiting the heat transfer loop is monitored and/or controlled to ensure, for example, the heat transfer loop is operating at desired flow rates, or pressures, or pressure drops. In some embodiments, flow rate, or pressure drop, or viscosity, or concentration, or temperature, or any combination thereof may be monitored. It may be important to adjust flow rate, or pressure, or concentration during concentration adjustment, or addition of chemical, or removal of chemical to ensure the heat transfer loop may be operating at a desired performance level or in a desired fashion.

In some embodiments, each chemical may be stored in separate tanks.

In some embodiments, two or more, or three or more, or four or more, or five or more chemicals may be employed to achieve the desired performance and/or capabilities. For example, in some embodiments, PPG 425, or PPG 725, or PPG 1000, or PPG 1200, or PPG 2000, or any combination thereof may be employed, or added, or removed, or adjusted, or stored, or any combination thereof as desired.

Store a solution comprising a solvent, such as water, and a solution comprising chemical, such as PPG, in separate tanks

Settling/Decanting system or tank

Propylene Glycol and/or Ethylene Glycol and/or Glycerol may comprise solvent. For example, Propylene Glycol and/or Ethylene Glycol and/or Glycerol may possess a sufficiently small molecular weight to pass through some membranes in some membrane based processes described or employed herein.

Monitor the concentration and/or molecular weight of chemical in the heat transfer fluid.

For example, in some embodiments, a chemical may comprise a polypropylene glycol, and/or the molecular weight of polypropylene glycol and concentration of each molecular weight of polypropylene glycol may be monitored, or controlled, or adjusted, or any combination thereof to achieve desired goals. For example, raising the temperature range which the enhancement in effective heat capacity occurs may involve reducing the concentration or removing at least a portion of larger molecular weight polypropylene glycol and/or increasing the concentration or adding at least a portion of smaller molecular weight polypropylene glycol. For example, raising the temperature range which the enhancement in effective heat capacity occurs from 15-25 degrees Celsius to 25-33 degrees Celsius may involve reducing the concentration or removing at least a portion of PPG 1000 and/or increasing the concentration or adding at least a portion of PPG 725. For example, raising the temperature range which the enhancement in effective heat capacity occurs may involve reducing the concentration or removing at least a portion of larger molecular weight polypropylene glycol and/or increasing the concentration or adding at least a portion of smaller molecular weight polypropylene glycol. For example, raising the temperature range which the enhancement in effective heat capacity occurs from 15-25 degrees Celsius to 25-33 degrees Celsius may involve reducing the concentration or removing at least a portion of PPG 1000 and/or increasing the concentration or adding at least a portion of PPG 725. In some embodiments, the temperature of the temperature range of enhanced heat capacity or the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range may increase with decreasing molecular weight of PPG. For example, PPG 2000 may possess a lower temperature range of enhanced heat capacity than PPG 1200, and/or PPG 1200 may possess a lower temperature range of enhanced heat capacity than PPG 1000, and/or PPG 1000 may possess a lower temperature range of enhanced heat capacity than PPG 725, and/or PPG 725 may possess a lower temperature range of enhanced heat capacity than PPG 425. Additionally, the temperature range of enhanced heat capacity and/or the temperature range of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition may be adjusted with concentration. For example, the temperature range of enhanced heat capacity and/or the temperature range of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition of PPG 1000 in water may increase with decreasing concentration in water. For example, the temperature range of enhanced heat capacity and/or the temperature range of an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition of PPG 1000 in water may be between 12-22 degrees Celsius with a 20 wt % concentration of PPG 1000 in water, while the said temperature range may exist above 22 degrees Celsius, or above 23 degrees Celsius, or above 24 degrees Celsius, or above 25 degrees Celsius at a PPG 1000 concentration of 5 wt % PPG 1000 in water.

Other separation processes may be employed instead of or in addition to reverse osmosis.

-   -   For example, a liquid-liquid separation may be employed. For         example, a portion of heat transfer fluid may be removed and         separated into at least two separate liquid phases. For example,         a portion of heat transfer fluid may be removed at a         multi-liquid phase state, or above an LCST cloud point         temperature, or below a UCST cloud point temperature, or any         combination thereof, then may be separated by liquid-liquid         separation. For example, a portion of heat transfer fluid may be         removed and heated to a temperature above an LCST cloud point         temperature, or cooled to a temperature below a UCST cloud point         temperature, or any combination thereof to enable the formation         of a multi-liquid phase state, then the multi-liquid phase         mixture may be separated by liquid-liquid separation into at         least two separate liquid phases. In some embodiments, the two         liquid phases may comprise a first liquid phase and a second         liquid phase, and/or the first liquid phase may comprise solvent         and the second liquid phase may comprise chemical. In some         embodiments, the separate liquid phases may be stored         separately. In some embodiments, the liquid phase comprising         solvent may be further purified, to, for example, remove at         least a portion of residual chemical, by, for example, a         membrane based process or other separation process.     -   For example, distillation, or multi-effect distillation, or         multi-stage flash distillation, or vapor compression         distillation, or crystallization, or freezing, or freezing         separation, or extraction, or salting-out, or addition of a salt         to make organic phase insoluble or less soluble, or         liquid-liquid phase transition, or physical separation, or         gravitational separation, or settling, or centrifuge, or         coalescer, or de-emulsification, or decanting, or liquid-liquid         separation, or any combination thereof may be employed.         Additional Composition, Systems, and/or Methods Description

Summary

Some embodiments may pertain to compositions enhanced effective heat capacity and/or freezing point depression. Some embodiments may pertain to liquid-liquid phase transition compositions. Some embodiments may pertain to compositions which possess an effective specific heat capacity greater than the specific heat capacity of prior art heat transfer compositions, or antifreeze compositions, or any compositions, while, for example, possessing the same or lower freezing point temperature. Some embodiments may pertain to useful properties in, for example, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: heat transfer, or heat capacity, or thermal properties, or non-thermal properties, or liquid-liquid phase transition temperature, or liquid-liquid phase transition temperature adjustment, or viscosity, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments may pertain to the adjustment of a liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range, or cloud point temperature range, or any combination thereof. Some embodiments may pertain to example applications. Some embodiments may pertains to systems and methods for improving the quality, or desirability, or performance of one or more or any combination of liquid-liquid phase transition compositions or solutions.

Example Embodiments

Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Propylene Glycol

Description of Composition

Some embodiments may comprise a composition comprising Water, Polypropylene Glycol, and a freezing point depressant additive which may reduce the freezing point of the solution. In some embodiments, said freezing point depressant additive may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol, or glycol, or glycerin, or urea.

Example Range of Compositions:

-   -   Water concentration may be less than, or greater than, or equal         to, one or more or any combination of the following: 0.01%, or         0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%,         or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%, or 15%, or         16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%, or 23%, or         24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%, or 31%, or         32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or 38%, or 39%, or         40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%, or 46%, or 47%, or         48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or 53%, or 54%, or 55%, or         56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or         64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or         72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or         80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or         88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or         96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Polypropylene Glycol concentration may be less than, or greater         than, or equal to, one or more or any combination of the         following: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%,         or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or         13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or         21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or         29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or         37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or         45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or         53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or         61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or         69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or         77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or         85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or         93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Freezing Point Depressant concentration may be less than, or         greater than, or equal to, one or more or b any combination of         the following: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or         4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%,         or 13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%,         or 21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%,         or 29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%,         or 37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%,         or 45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%,         or 53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%,         or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%,         or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%,         or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%,         or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%,         or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%

Tables

TABLE 1 Freezing Point of Water-PPG 2000-PG Solutions PG/Water PPG Propylene Freezing Percent DI Water(g) 2000 (g) Glycol (g) Point (degrees C.) 15.4%   52 20 8 −5 20% 50 20 10 −8.3 25% 48 20 12 −8.3

Notes

-   -   The freezing point of the water-polypropylene glycol         2000-propylene solutions decreased with increasing concentration         of propylene glycol until about −8.3 degrees Celsius.     -   At 8.3 degrees Celsius, a portion of the solution appears to         solidify into a waxy solid, while most of the solution remains a         liquid. The stir bar continued to rotate despite the presence of         waxy solid in portions of the container, such as on a portion of         the container walls, indicating only a portion of the         constituents solidified, while a substantial portion remained at         a liquid phase.     -   The presence of the waxy solid at about 8.3 degrees Celsius in         the solution with 20 wt % Propylene Glycol and the solution with         25 wt % Propylene Glycol, which may indicate the temperature         which the waxy solid forms may be at least in part independent         of the concentration of Propylene Glycol in the present         solutions.     -   The wax solid possesses similar properties to frozen or solid         phase polypropylene glycol 2000. The waxy solid may comprise         solid phase polypropylene glycol 2000, which may, at least in         part, solidified out of solution.     -   Below the cloud point temperature range, which may appear         between 6.5 degrees Celsius and 8 degrees Celsius, the present         solutions may comprise a single liquid phase combined solution         or a multi-liquid phase mixture.     -   In some embodiments, the mixture may comprise a lower         proportional amount of an organic liquid phase and a greater         proportional amount of aqueous liquid phase below the cloud         point temperature range and above the freezing point         temperature, than compared to at temperatures above the cloud         point temperature range.     -   It may be possible to eliminate or greatly reduce the presence         of an organic liquid phase below the cloud point temperature by         treating the solution according to the following:         -   1. Create solution         -   2. Cool solution to a temperature below the cloud point             temperature range         -   3. Filter or otherwise selectively remove the residual             viscous organic liquid phase from the lower viscosity             aqueous liquid phase.         -   In some embodiments, if said separated lower viscosity             aqueous liquid phase is heated to above its cloud point             temperature range and then cooled to below its cloud point             temperature range, the resulting cooled solution at a             temperature below its cloud point temperature range may             comprise a single liquid phase combined solution with a             substantially lower concentration of viscous organic liquid             phase compared to said solution in ‘2.’         -   In some embodiments, said residual viscous organic liquid             phase may comprise impurities, or polypropylene glycol of             potentially undesirable molecular weights, or potentially             undesirable types of glycol polymer, or any combination             thereof.

Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Propylene Glycol-Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether

Description of Composition

Some embodiments may comprise a composition comprising Water, Polypropylene Glycol, and a freezing point depressant additive which may reduce the freezing point of the solution. In some embodiments, Polypropylene Glycol may be capable of or prone to freezing out of solution at a below zero degrees Celsius temperature. For example, in some embodiments, Polypropylene Glycol appears to, at least in part, freeze out of solution in Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Propylene Glycol solutions. Additionally, in some embodiments, Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Propylene Glycol solutions may comprise a multi-liquid phase solution, even below the cloud point temperature range of the solution, which may mean a viscous organic phase may be present in addition to the aqueous phase below the cloud point temperature range.

Some embodiments may benefit from Polypropylene Glycol remaining in an aqueous phase within a solution below a cloud point temperature range. Some embodiments may benefit from a single liquid phase combined solution below a cloud point temperature range. Some embodiments may benefit from a homogenous solution below a cloud point temperature range.

The present embodiment may involve the presence of glycol ethers in solutions comprising Water-Polypropylene Glycol-Freezing Point Depressant. For example, in some embodiments, Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether may be employed as a glycol ether additive. In some embodiments, the presence of specific glycol ethers may change the properties of the solution. For example, Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Propylene Glycol-Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether solutions may possess a defined cloud point temperature range wherein, for example, when the solution is at a temperature below the cloud point temperature range of the solution, the solution may comprise a single liquid phase combined solution, or a homogenous solution, or a transparent solution, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Propylene Glycol-Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether solutions demonstrate freezing points substantially below the freezing point temperature of Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Propylene Glycol solutions without the presence of Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether. In some embodiments, it appears the presence of Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether prevents at least a portion of the Polypropylene Glycol 2000 from freezing out of solution.

In some embodiments, the presence of diethylene glycol hexyl ether in the presence of propylene glycol appears to depress the cloud point temperature in addition to depressing the freezing point temperature. In some embodiments, the cloud point temperature and the freezing point temperature decreased with increasing concentration of propylene glycol in solutions comprising Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Propylene Glycol-Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether.

Example Range of Compositions:

-   -   Water concentration in weight percent may be less than, or         greater than, or equal to, one or more or any combination of the         following: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%,         or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or         13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or         21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or         29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or         37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or         45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or         53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or         61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or         69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or         77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or         85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or         93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Polypropylene Glycol concentration may be less than, or greater         than, or equal to, one or more or any combination of the         following: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%,         or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or         13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or         21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or         29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or         37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or         45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or         53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or         61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or         69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or         77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or         85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or         93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Freezing Point Depressant (such as a glycol, or diol, or         propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol, or other freezing point         depressant) concentration may be less than, or greater than, or         equal to, one or more or any combination of the following:         0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or         6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%,         or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%,         or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%,         or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or 38%,         or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%, or 46%,         or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or 53%, or 54%,         or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or 61%, or 62%,         or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or 69%, or 70%,         or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or 77%, or 78%,         or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%,         or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%,         or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether (or other glycol ether)         concentration may be less than, or greater than, or equal to,         one or more or any combination of the following: 0.01%, or 0.1%,         or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%,         or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%,         or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%,         or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%,         or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%,         or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%,         or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or 53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%,         or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%,         or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%,         or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%,         or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%,         or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%,         or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%

Tables

TABLE 2 Freezing Point of Water - PPG 2000 - PG - HEX Solutions DI PPG Cloud Freezing PG/Water Water 2000 HEX PG Point Point Percent (g) (g) (g) (g) (OC) (OC) 0.00% 29.60 8.45 1.95 0.0 4.7 −1.0 10.96% 27.38 7.82 1.81 3.0 0.0 −5.0 23.17% 25.90 7.39 1.71 5.0 −2.2  −8.0* 33.78% 23.68 6.76 1.56 8.0  7** −15.0*** *At 7.5 C. solid forms on the side of the bottle while the rest of the substance stays clear **Relative long time to cool substance between −5 C. and −10 C. ***Upon freezing at −15 C., substance heats up to −13 C. Note: HEX may comprise Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether PG may comprise propylene glycol PPG may comprise polypropylene glycol

Description of Results

The solutions shown in Table 2 comprised multi-liquid phase mixture solutions above their cloud point temperatures or temperature ranges and comprised a single liquid phase combined solution at or below their cloud point temperatures or temperature ranges. Below the cloud point temperature range and above their freezing point, the solutions shown in Table 2 comprised a single liquid phase combined solution which appeared transparent and/or homogenous. The Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether appears to make the residual insoluble organic liquid phase at or below a cloud point temperature range in PPG-Water solutions to become soluble in the aqueous phase at or below a cloud point temperature or cloud point temperature range. In some embodiments, other glycol ethers in addition to, or instead of, Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether, may be applicable.

In some embodiments, the concentration of about 3.5 wt % Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether is required to enable an about 20 wt % solution of PPG 2000 to exhibit a homogenous or transparent single liquid phase combined solution at below a cloud point temperature.

In some embodiments, possessing a liquid-liquid phase transition which may comprise transforming from a homogenous or transparent single liquid phase combined solution to a multi-liquid phase mixture when heated at or above or through a cloud point temperature range and/or which may be reversible, may result in the solution exhibiting a greater effective heat transfer coefficient relative to the equivalent solution without the presence of said liquid-liquid phase transition. In some embodiments, greater effective heat transfer coefficient may result from the lack of residual organic liquid phase below the cloud point temperature resulting from the interaction between HEX and PPG 2000. In some embodiments, without the presence of HEX, PPG 2000+Water may possess a multi-liquid phase to multi-liquid phase liquid-liquid phase transition and/or PPG 2000+Water may possess a multi-liquid phase mixture below the cloud point temperature. In some embodiments, organic liquid phase in a multi-liquid phase mixture and/or the single liquid phase combined solution may possess a lower viscosity with the presence of HEX, which may improve heat transfer coefficient.

In some embodiments, increasing the concentration of propylene glycol depresses the cloud point temperature of a solution. In the presence of some glycol ethers, the cloud point temperature of a solution comprising polypropylene glycol-water may substantially change with increasing concentration of propylene glycol. For example, in the presence of diethylene glycol hexyl ether, as shown in Table 2, the cloud point temperature was zero degrees Celsius at a 10.96 wt % propylene glycol concentration compared to cloud point temperature of −9.7 degrees Celsius at a 33.78 wt % propylene glycol concentration. In some embodiments, the cloud point temperature may be adjusted by adjusting the concentration of propylene glycol.

The freezing point temperature decreased with increasing propylene glycol concentration. In some embodiments, the entire solution appears to possess a lower freezing point with greater propylene glycol concentration. The presence of Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether may prevent polypropylene glycol 2000 from freezing out of solution, or depress the freezing point of polypropylene glycol, or any combination thereof.

A solution comprising Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether may possess a freezing point below the freezing point of water. For example, as shown in Table 2, the Water-Polypropylene Glycol 2000-Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether solution without propylene glycol exhibited a freezing point of about −1 degree Celsius.

The single liquid phase combined solution below the cloud point temperature appeared to exhibit a relatively low viscosity. The stir bar appeared to easily rotate while submerged in the solution. The stir bar was clearly visible while stirring, indicating present solutions may be transparent below a cloud point temperature range.

The solutions appear to possess enhanced effective specific heat capacity or heat capacity near their cloud point temperatures. The enhanced effective specific heat capacity may be due to the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. For example, in one example composition, significantly greater time was required to cool from −5 degrees Celsius to −10 degrees Celsius, while significantly less time was required to cool from −10 degrees Celsius to −15 degrees Celsius. The greater time required to cool from −5 degrees Celsius to −10 degrees Celsius compared to cooling from −10 degrees Celsius to −15 degrees Celsius may be due to greater effective specific heat capacity due to, for example, the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition. It is important to note the visual cloud point temperature of the presently described solution was −9.7 degrees Celsius, which is near or within the −5 degrees Celsius to −10 degrees where the potential enhanced heat capacity appeared.

Freezing point experiments were conducted by placing a bottle containing the sample solution in a cold bath comprising dry ice submerged in 60 wt % propylene glycol-water. The temperature of the cold bath was generally between −20 degrees Celsius and −30 degrees Celsius.

Upon reaching a freezing point, some solutions heat up to a temperature greater than the temperature of the solution immediately before freezing. It is important to note that solutions in the present experiments were continuously mixing with a magnetic stir bar throughout freezing point and cloud point experiments, which may prevent supercooling, if any. There appears to be an exothermic phase change which increases the temperature of the medium to a temperature significantly above the temperature before freezing. For example, one solution reached a temperature of about −15 degrees Celsius before freezing, and, upon freezing, the temperature of the solution rapidly or practically instantaneously increased by about 2 degrees Celsius to about −13 degrees Celsius.

Example Applications

Some compositions may be employed in a wide range of applications.

For example, some compositions may be beneficial in applications involving cooling near, or, at, or below, or any combination thereof the temperature of the freezing point of water. For example, some compositions may be useful as a heat transfer medium, or a thermal storage medium, or any combination thereof. For example, some compositions may be useful in providing enhanced heat capacity, or enhanced heat transfer capacity, or enhanced heat transfer capacity rate at temperatures near, or at, or below the freezing point of water.

-   -   For example, some compositions may comprise direct replacements         of conventional antifreeze in applications employing         conventional antifreeze coolants.     -   For example, some compositions, or portions of some         compositions, or any combination thereof may comprise additives         to pre-existing propylene glycol-water, or ethylene         glycol-water, or glycol-water, or glycerin-water, or any         combination thereof solutions in existing or new applications.         Employing some compositions, or portions of some compositions,         or any combination thereof as additives may enable enhanced heat         capacity, or enhanced heat capacity rate, or greater heat         transfer, or greater cooling capacity, or greater heating         capacity, or greater total heat capacity, or any combination         thereof in a pre-existing system.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer fluid in an ice making or ice production process. For         example, some of the present compositions may be employed as a         thermal storage medium in an ice making or ice production         process.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or a thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in an ice slurry making process.     -   For example, some of the present compositions may be employed in         cold chain applications.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in refrigerating materials, or food, or medical         equipment, or medicines, or organs, or vaccines.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in process cooling applications.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in high density cooling applications.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in freezing applications.     -   For example, some of the present compositions may be employed as         a heat transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any         combination thereof in HVAC applications.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in gas liquification, or gas solidification, or         condensation, or deposition, or sublimination, or LNG         liquefaction, or gas processing, or chemical synthesis, or         chemical extraction, or freeze desalination, or any combination         thereof.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in cold thermal storage applications.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in high density computing applications, or high density         electronics applications, or any combination thereof.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in production of ice slurries or solid-liquid slurries.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in ice making chillers.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in cold warehouses.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in refrigeration cycles.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof for cooling magnets, or for cooling batteries, or for         cooling electric vehicles, or any combination thereof.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium, or thermal storage medium, or any combination         thereof in cooling ice skating rinks, or for snow making, or any         combination thereof.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as an absorbent     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as an absorbent         in a physical or chemical separation process.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as an absorbent         in water vapor extraction, or dehydration, or gas separation, or         distillation, or CO2 capture     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as an extractant,         or cleaning material, or solvating material, or a material which         facilitates dissolution, or any combination thereof.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed in pumped heat         electricity storage. For example, some compositions may be         employed as a thermal storage medium in the cold reservoir of a         pumped heat electrical storage system.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium in a pumped heat electricity storage system.     -   For example, some compositions may be employed as a heat         transfer medium in a pumped heat storage system or pumped heat         system.

Water-Polypropylene Glycol 1000-Propylene Glycol

Description of Composition

Some embodiments may comprise a composition comprising Water, Polypropylene Glycol, and a freezing point depressant additive which may reduce the freezing point of the solution. In some embodiments, said freezing point depressant additive may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol, or glycol, or glycerin, or urea.

Example Range of Compositions:

-   -   Water concentration may be less than, or greater than, or equal         to, one or more or any combination of the following: 0.01%, or         0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%,         or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%, or 15%, or         16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%, or 23%, or         24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%, or 31%, or         32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or 38%, or 39%, or         40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%, or 46%, or 47%, or         48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or 53%, or 54%, or 55%, or         56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or         64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or         72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or         80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or         88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or         96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Polypropylene Glycol concentration may be less than, or greater         than, or equal to, one or more or any combination of the         following: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%,         or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or         13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or         21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or         29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or         37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or         45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or         53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or         61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or         69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or         77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or         85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or         93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Freezing Point Depressant concentration may be less than, or         greater than, or equal to, one or more or any combination of the         following: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%,         or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or         13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or         21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or         29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or         37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or         45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or         53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or         61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or         69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or         77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or         85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or         93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Some embodiments may comprise Water-Polypropylene         Glycol-Propylene Glycol. For example, some compositions may         comprise Water-Polypropylene Glycol 1000-Propylene Glycol.

In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may exhibit an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in a temperature range above the freezing point of water. In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may exhibit an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in a temperature range between 5 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may exhibit an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in a temperature range between 5 degrees Celsius and 35 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may exhibit an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in a temperature range between 10 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius.

In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may comprise a single liquid phase combined solution below the cloud point temperature range and/or said single liquid phase combined solution may be transparent. In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may comprise a lower viscosity. For example, some compositions comprising Polypropylene Glycol 1000 may possess a lower viscosity than some compositions comprising Polypropylene Glycol 2000, wherein the organic liquid phase at a multi-liquid phase state, or the aqueous phase at a single liquid phase combined solution state, or wherein the aqueous phase at a multi-liquid phase state, or any combination thereof may possess a lower viscosity.

Tables

TABLE 3 Freezing Point of Water - PPG 1000 - PG Solutions PPG Freez- avg. Pro- Cloud ing Solu- PG/ DI PPG MW pylene Point Point tion Water Water P1000 ~1000 Glycol (degrees (degrees ID Percent (g) (g) (g) (g) Celsius) Celsius) 326    0% 60 20 0 0 13 −1.1 329 10.81% 55.5 18.5 0 6 13 −3.8 332 23.53% 51 17 0 12 13 −5.3 334A 33.33% 48 0 16 16 8 −12 334P 33.33% 48 16 0 16 9.6 −10 335 38.71% 46.5 15.5 0 18 336 44.44% 45 15 0 20

TABLE 4 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 3) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of DI Water in Defined Temperature Ranges 326 329 332 334A 334P 335 336 Average Specific Heat 99.3% 110.38% 97.83% 110.13% 93.49% 96.67% Capacity 7° C.-12° C. Average Specific Heat 123.4% 108.06% 98.43% 111.75% 95.56% 94.58% Capacity 10° C.-30° C. Average Specific Heat 137.25% 111.74% 100.28% 116.32% 100.77% 97.32% Capacity 12° C.-20° C. Average Specific Heat 97.04% 106.77% 95.54% 104.66% 94.96% 93.27% Capacity 6° C.-10.9° C. Average Specific Heat 130.48% 112.01% 99.91% 113.30% 98.73% 96.08% Capacity 11° C.-15.9° C. Average Specific Heat 134.19% 109.64% 97.32% 113.79% 97.57% 98.50% Capacity 16° C.-20.9° C. Average Specific Heat 105.83% 101.71% 116.36% 93.15% 91.59% Capacity 21° C.-25.9° C. Average Specific Heat 104.25% 95.44% 102.47% 93.15% 93.21% Capacity 26° C.-30.9° C.

TABLE 5 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 3) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of 30 wt % Propylene Glycol - Water in Defined Temperature Ranges 326 329 332 334A 334P 335 336 Average Specific Heat 106.21% 118.06% 104.64% 117.79% 99.99% 103.39% Capacity 7° C.-12° C. Average Specific Heat 131.98% 115.57% 105.27% 119.52% 102.20% 101.15% Capacity 10° C.-30° C. Average Specific Heat 146.79% 119.51% 107.25% 124.41% 107.78% 104.09% Capacity 12° C.-20° C. Average Specific Heat 103.79% 114.19% 102.18% 111.93% 101.56% 99.75% Capacity 6° C.-10.9° C. Average Specific Heat 139.55% 119.80% 106.86% 121.18% 105.59% 102.75% Capacity 11° C.-15.9° C. Average Specific Heat 143.52% 117.27% 104.08% 121.70% 104.35% 105.35% Capacity 16° C.-20.9° C. Average Specific Heat 113.19% 108.78% 124.45% 99.62% 97.96% Capacity 21° C.-25.9° C. Average Specific Heat 111.50% 102.07% 109.59% 99.62% 99.69% Capacity 26° C.-30.9° C.

Description of Results

The solutions shown in Table 3 appeared to comprise multi-liquid phase mixture solutions above their cloud point temperatures or temperature ranges and a single liquid phase combined solution at or below their cloud point temperatures or temperature ranges. Below the cloud point temperature range and above their freezing point, the solutions shown in Table 2 comprised a single liquid phase combined solution which appeared transparent and/or homogenous.

A significant portion of the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition appears to occur at a temperature above the cloud point temperature for some compositions. For example, solution 326 in Table 3 has a cloud point temperature of about 13 degrees Celsius, while a large portion of the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition appears to occur above 13 degrees.

In some compositions, heat capacity appears to be enhanced over an at least 15 degree K temperature range.

The presence of propylene glycol in water-polypropylene glycol P1000 solutions appears to reduce the temperature range of the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition or provide enhanced heat capacity in a lower temperature range compared to water-polypropylene glycol P1000 solutions without propylene glycol. For example, solutions 332 and 334P, both which comprise propylene glycol, exhibited a significantly greater effective specific heat capacity in 7° C.-12° C. than solution 326, which did not comprise propylene glycol, while solution 326 exhibited substantially greater effective specific heat capacity in the temperature range of 12° C.-20° C. than solutions 332 and 334P.

Increasing concentration of propylene glycol reduced overall specific heat capacity. Advantageously, the effective specific heat capacity of Water-Polypropylene Glycol 1000-Propylene Glycol compositions, in the temperature of the enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition, are greater than the specific heat capacity of Water-Propylene Glycol compositions with equivalent freezing points.

Water-Polypropylene Glycol 1000 alone possesses a slightly depressed freezing point, with a freezing point of about −1.1 degrees Celsius.

Greatest effective specific heat capacity enhancement appears may have occurred between 12 degrees Celsius and 20 degrees Celsius.

The effective specific heat capacity of compositions with Polypropylene Glycol with an average molecular weight of 1,000 were substantially different from the effective specific heat capacity of compositions with Polypropylene Glycol P1000. For example, in solution 334, the composition with Polypropylene Glycol P1000 possessed an effective specific heat capacity at least 10% greater than the compositions with Polypropylene Glycol with an average molecular weight of 1,000 in the temperature range of 10 degrees Celsius to 25 degrees Celsius.

Example Applications

The present compositions may be employed in a wide range of applications.

In some embodiments, some compositions may be applicable to, for example, applications which require freeze point depression or freezing protection, while benefiting from specific heat capacity enhancement in temperature ranges greater than the freezing point of water.

Advantageously, some compositions may be practically non-toxic, or practically non-flammable, or practically non-volatile, or any combination thereof.

Temperature range of enhanced effective specific heat capacity is applicable to a wide range of applications.

Some compositions may be applicable to a wide range of applications, which may include, but are not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following:

-   -   Data center chilled water systems     -   Electric vehicles, especially electric vehicles with liquid         cooled battery management or thermal management systems     -   HVAC     -   Industrial processes     -   Chilled water systems     -   Cold packs     -   Cold chain     -   Refrigeration     -   Solar Panel Cooling     -   Electricity storage     -   Grid scale electricity storage     -   Battery thermal management systems     -   High-power electronics     -   Vehicle cooling systems     -   Engine coolant     -   Process cooling     -   Compressor cooling     -   Vertical Takeoff and Landing Aircraft (VTOL)     -   Electric airplanes     -   Liquid cooled electric charging cables     -   Manufacturing     -   Pharmaceuticals     -   Glycol dehydration systems     -   Gas separation     -   Absorption     -   Desorption

For example, Lithium-Ion batteries generally have a preferred operating temperature between 16-27 degrees Celsius. In electric cars, for example, a battery thermal management system may employ an antifreeze coolant to maintain battery cell temperatures near an optimal operating temperature, which may enable, for example, more energy efficient charging and discharging, or longer battery longevity, or greater battery power capacity, or greater battery energy capacity, or reduced rates of degradation, or any combination thereof. In an electric vehicle, the coolant occupies a significant amount of weight and space within a battery pack. In some embodiments, employing one or more or any combination of compositions introduced herein or a composition which possesses a greater specific heat capacity in may reduce the required weight and volume of heat transfer fluid in the battery back, which may improve energy efficiency, or enable greater battery pack energy density, or reduce vehicle weight, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, employing one or more or any combination of compositions introduced herein or a composition which possesses a greater specific heat capacity may enable the use of smaller supply return temperature differences for the same amount of heat transfer or same heat capacity rate, which may improve battery management system energy efficiency. In some embodiments, employing one or more or any combination of compositions introduced herein or a composition which possesses a greater specific heat capacity may enable greater or faster charging or discharging rates, which may enable faster battery charging, or may enable higher battery power output, or may enable more prolonged battery output, or any combination thereof. Advantageously, some compositions employed herein may possess enhanced effective specific heat capacity in the temperature range preferred by Lithium-Ion batteries, while also providing freezing point protection or a freezing point significantly below the freezing point of water.

In regions with colder climates, commercial buildings, HVAC applications, and other applications involve cooling or heating with water generally require the water to be mixed with a minimum of 25 wt % glycol antifreeze or a freezing point temperature less than or equal to −10° C. Advantageously, some compositions herein provide enhanced effective specific heat capacity in the desired operating temperature of most chilled water systems, while providing freezing point protection down to temperatures less than or equal to −10° C. Some compositions herein may increase the total heat carrying capacity in operating temperature ranges, while also providing freezing protection or lower freezing point.

Some compositions introduced herein may comprise direct alternatives or replacements for glycol-water antifreeze. Some compositions or components or parts of some compositions introduced herein may comprise additives to glycol-water antifreeze, which may enhance the effective specific heat capacity of pre-existing glycol-water antifreeze.

In refrigeration systems, such as commercial refrigeration systems employed in cold chain applications, systems generally cool to about 2-4 degrees Celsius. Some compositions herein may provide enhanced heat capacity or heat transfer in the temperature range of cooling or heat transfer, while also possessing a sufficiently low freezing point.

Water-Polypropylene Glycol 1200-Propylene Glycol

Description of Composition

Some embodiments may comprise a composition comprising Water, Polypropylene Glycol, and a freezing point depressant additive which may reduce the freezing point of the solution. In some embodiments, said freezing point depressant additive may comprise, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: propylene glycol, or ethylene glycol, or glycol, or glycerin, or urea.

Example Range of Compositions:

-   -   Water concentration may be less than, or greater than, or equal         to, one or more or any combination of the following: 0.01%, or         0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%,         or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%, or 15%, or         16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%, or 23%, or         24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%, or 31%, or         32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or 38%, or 39%, or         40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%, or 46%, or 47%, or         48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or 53%, or 54%, or 55%, or         56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or         64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or         72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or         80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or         88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or         96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Polypropylene Glycol concentration may be less than, or greater         than, or equal to, one or more or any combination of the         following: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%,         or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or         13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or         21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or         29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or         37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or         45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or         53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or         61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or         69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or         77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or         85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or         93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Freezing Point Depressant concentration may be less than, or         greater than, or equal to, one or more or any combination of the         following: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%,         or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or         13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or         21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or         29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or         37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or         45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or         53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or         61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or         69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or         77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or         85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or         93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%

Some embodiments may comprise Water-Polypropylene Glycol-Propylene Glycol. For example, some compositions may comprise Water-Polypropylene Glycol 1200-Propylene Glycol.

In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may exhibit an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in a temperature range above the freezing point of water. In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may exhibit an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in a temperature range between 5 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may exhibit an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in a temperature range between 5 degrees Celsius and 35 degrees Celsius. In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may exhibit an enthalpy of liquid-liquid phase transition in a temperature range between 10 degrees Celsius and 25 degrees Celsius.

In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may comprise a single liquid phase combined solution below the cloud point temperature range and/or said single liquid phase combined solution may be transparent. In some embodiments, some of the present compositions may comprise a lower viscosity. For example, some compositions comprising Polypropylene Glycol 1200 may possess a lower viscosity than some compositions comprising Polypropylene Glycol 2000, wherein the organic liquid phase at a multi-liquid phase state, or the aqueous phase at a single liquid phase combined solution state, or wherein the aqueous phase at a multi-liquid phase state, or any combination thereof may possess a lower viscosity.

Tables

TABLE 6 Freezing Point of Water - PPG 1200 - PG Solutions Cloud Freezing DI PPG Propylene Point Point Solution PG/Water Water P1200 Glycol (degrees (degrees ID Percent (g) (g) (g) Celsius) Celsius) 343 23.53% 51 17 12 4.9 −10 345 33.33% 48 16 16 4.8 −13

TABLE 7 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 6) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of DI Water in Defined Temperature Ranges 343 345 Average Specific Heat 110.35% 101.91% Capacity 7° C.-12° C. Average Specific Heat 102.45% 96.96% Capacity 10° C.-30° C. Average Specific Heat 109.25% 100.03% Capacity 12° C.-20° C. Average Specific Heat 107.34% 102.67% Capacity 6° C.-10.9° C. Average Specific Heat 113.85% 104.92% Capacity 11° C.-15.9° C. Average Specific Heat 102.99% 96.95% Capacity 16° C.-20.9° C. Average Specific Heat 99.83% 96.31% Capacity 21° C.-25.9° C. Average Specific Heat 93.72% 91.28% Capacity 26° C.-30.9° C.

TABLE 8 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 6) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of 30 wt % Propylene Glycol in Defined Temperature Ranges 343 345 Average Specific Heat 118.02% 108.99% Capacity 7° C.-12° C. Average Specific Heat 109.57% 103.70% Capacity 10° C.-30° C. Average Specific Heat 116.85% 106.99% Capacity 12° C.-20° C. Average Specific Heat 114.80% 109.81% Capacity 6° C.-10.9° C. Average Specific Heat 121.76% 112.21% Capacity 11° C.-15.9° C. Average Specific Heat 110.14% 103.69% Capacity 16° C.-20.9° C. Average Specific Heat 106.77% 103.01% Capacity 21° C.-25.9° C. Average Specific Heat 100.24% 97.63% Capacity 26° C.-30.9° C.

Description of Results

For some compositions, the effective specific heat capacity enhancement relative to water may be greater in temperature ranges lower than the temperature ranges shown in Table 7 and Table 8. For example, for 343 and 345 shown in Tables 6-8, the effective specific heat capacity enhancement may be greater in temperature ranges less than 7 degrees Celsius.

Example Applications

Applications may be similar to the applications of other compositions introduced herein.

Filtering or Selectively Removing Second Liquid Phase from Solutions Below Cloud Point Temperature

Description:

In some embodiments, a liquid-liquid phase transition composition below its cloud point temperature range may comprise a single liquid phase combined solution aqueous phase in a mixture with an organic liquid phase. In some embodiments, said organic liquid phase present below the cloud point temperature may possess a viscosity substantially greater than the viscosity of the aqueous phase. In some embodiments, said organic liquid phase appears to have substantially similar or about the same density as the single liquid phase combined solution aqueous phase because it may appear suspended or dispersed and/or may generally remain suspended or dispersed, even over extended residence time.

Examples of compositions with said organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature may include, but are not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: some compositions comprising PPG 1200, or PPG 2000, or PPG 2700, or PPG 3000, or PPG P, or PPG Avg. molecular weight, or water, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the presence of said organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature may be beneficial. For example, said organic liquid present below a cloud point temperature may, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: improve heat capacity, or improve heat transfer, or have a non-thermal property benefit.

In some embodiments the presence of said organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature may reduce performance in or inhibit some applications. For example, in some embodiments, the presence of said organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature may, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: reduce heat capacity, or reduce heat transfer coefficient, or clog heat exchangers, or restrict flow in pipes, or restrict flow in heat exchangers, or increase required pressure drop for pumping, or reduce heat transfer performance, or undesirably accumulate in some system components.

In some embodiments, it may be desirable to remove organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature before installing a composition in an application. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to remove organic liquid phase below a cloud point temperature after installation a composition in an application.

In some embodiments, after the separation or removal of at least a portion of the organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature, the remaining liquid-liquid phase transition composition or the remaining solution may comprise a significantly lower concentration or amount of the compounds comprising said organic liquid phase. In some embodiments, the remaining solution after separation of at least a portion of the organic liquid phase may be heated above the cloud point temperature range and, in some embodiments, when cooled below the cloud point temperature range, may comprise a single liquid phase combined solution without or with a significantly lower concentration of organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature.

In some embodiments, at least a portion of an organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature may be separated using density-based separation. For example, at least a portion of an organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature may be separated using, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following: centrifuge, or decanter, or pipe separator, or coalescer, or any combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the density of organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature may be similar or about the same as other components.

In some embodiments, techniques may be employed alter the density of the organic liquid phase present below the cloud point temperature relative to the density of the aqueous liquid phase. Some embodiments may involve employing microwaves tuned to desired wave lengths which may selectively heat the organic liquid phase present below the cloud point temperature, which may result in a reduction in density due to increase in temperature and may facilitate or enable density based separation of the organic liquid phase present below the cloud point temperature.

In some embodiments, the chemical component may be purified before introduction into the composition or formation of the composition. For example, PPG 2000 may be further filtered or purified or selectively treated to prevent or minimize the presence of chemicals or components which may result in the formation of organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature. In some embodiments, the synthesis or production of the chemical may be altered or tuned.

In some embodiments, the organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature may possess different polarity, or electrostatic properties, or charge, or adherence, or any combination thereof than the aqueous liquid phase, which may be utilized to separate the organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature from the aqueous liquid phase.

-   -   For example, a coalescing material may facilitate the         aggregation of organic liquid phase present below a cloud point         temperature, and the aggregated organic liquid phase droplets         may be selectively removed using, for example, a tube or a tube         with an opening which is positioned near, or on, or inside said         droplets.     -   For example, a solution below a cloud point temperature may be         transferred through a container or pipe which may comprise a         surface which favorably adheres to the organic liquid phase. The         organic liquid phase may eventually adhere to or coat the         surface of the container or pipe. In some embodiments, small         holes or pores in the container or pipe wall may remove or         transfer organic liquid phase from the pipe, successfully         removing at least a portion of the organic liquid phase from the         aqueous liquid phase.

In some embodiments, the organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature may possess a substantially different viscosity than the aqueous liquid phase, which may be utilized to separate the organic liquid phase present below a cloud point temperature from the aqueous liquid phase.

-   -   In some embodiments, a viscous liquid may travel through or past         a material or medium at a different rate than a less viscous or         a liquid with different properties than the viscous liquid, or         any combination thereof.     -   In some embodiments, viscosity gradients may be employed to         separate the organic liquid phase from the aqueous liquid phase.     -   In some embodiments, the viscous liquid phase may be at least         partially filtered from the aqueous liquid phase

Separations may utilize, including, but not limited to, one or more or any combination of the following:

-   -   Hydrophobicity     -   Hydrophilicity     -   Surface properties     -   Electrostatic properties     -   Polarity     -   Density     -   Viscosity     -   Aggregation     -   Coagulation     -   Floatation     -   Bubble Floatation     -   Frothing     -   Manual removal of droplets     -   Selective removal of droplets     -   Surface tension     -   Extractive separation     -   Filtration     -   Purification     -   Thermal Properties     -   Absorbance Spectra     -   Microwave absorbance     -   Adherence to magnetic particles and/or separation with magnetism     -   Separation may involve mixing with a liquid, or gas, or         supercritical fluid     -   Separation may involve mixing with a liquid, or gas, or         supercritical fluid, or any combination thereof which may result         in the separation of or dissolution of organic liquid phase         present below a cloud point temperature from the aqueous liquid         phase.

TABLE 9 Freezing Point of Water - PPG 1000 - PG Solutions Cloud Freezing DI PPG Ethylene Point Point Solution EG/Water Water P1000 Glycol (degrees (degrees ID Percent (g) (g) (g) Celsius) Celsius) 359 10.81% 55.5 18.5 6.0 — −6.5 360 23.53% 51.0 17.0 12.0 — −15.0 361 33.33% 48.0 16.0 16.0 — −16.0 362 44.44% 45.0 15.0 20.0 — −21.0

TABLE 10 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 9) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of DI Water in Defined Temperature Ranges 359 360 361 362 Average Specific Heat 101.50% 106.76% 108.59% 102.58% Capacity 7° C.-12° C. Average Specific Heat 114.21% 108.94% 101.90% 96.76% Capacity 10° C.-30° C. Average Specific Heat 124.54% 114.91% 104.92% 98.32% Capacity 12° C.-20° C. Average Specific Heat 98.31% 104.86% 110.75% 100.06% Capacity 6° C.-10.9° C. Average Specific Heat 114.02% 116.79% 106.10% 103.61% Capacity 11° C.-15.9° C. Average Specific Heat 128.39% 112.70% 104.65% 98.07% Capacity 16° C.-20.9° C. Average Specific Heat 121.78% 109.47% 103.09% 100.06% Capacity 21° C.-25.9° C. Average Specific Heat 129.20% 117.87% 91.72% 86.33% Capacity 26° C.-30.9° C.

TABLE 10 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 9) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of DI Water in Defined Temperature Ranges 359 360 361 362 Average Specific Heat 101.50% 106.76% 108.59% 102.58% Capacity 7° C.-12° C. Average Specific Heat 114.21% 108.94% 101.90% 96.76% Capacity 10° C.-30° C. Average Specific Heat 124.54% 114.91% 104.92% 98.32% Capacity 12° C.-20° C. Average Specific Heat 98.31% 104.86% 110.75% 100.06% Capacity 6° C.-10.9° C. Average Specific Heat 114.02% 116.79% 106.10% 103.61% Capacity 11° C.-15.9° C. Average Specific Heat 128.39% 112.70% 104.65% 98.07% Capacity 16° C.-20.9° C. Average Specific Heat 121.78% 109.47% 103.09% 100.06% Capacity 21° C.-25.9° C. Average Specific Heat 129.20% 117.87% 91.72% 86.33% Capacity 26° C.-30.9° C.

TABLE 11 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 9) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of wt % Ethylene Glycol in Defined Temperature Ranges 359 360 361 362 Average Specific Heat 104.42% 111.90% 113.83% 121.25% Capacity 7° C.-12° C. Average Specific Heat 117.50% 114.20% 106.81% 114.38% Capacity 10° C.-30° C. Average Specific Heat 128.12% 120.45% 109.98% 116.22% Capacity 12° C.-20° C. Average Specific Heat 101.14% 109.92% 116.09% 118.27% Capacity 6° C.-10.9° C. Average Specific Heat 117.31% 122.42% 111.21% 122.47% Capacity 11° C.-15.9° C. Average Specific Heat 132.08% 118.13% 109.69% 115.92% Capacity 16° C.-20.9° C. Average Specific Heat 125.28% 114.75% 108.06% 118.27% Capacity 21° C.-25.9° C. Average Specific Heat 132.92% 123.55% 96.14% 102.05% Capacity 26° C.-30.9° C.

TABLE 12 Freezing Point of Water - PPG 1000 - PG Solutions Cloud Freezing DI PPG Ethylene Point Point Solution EG/Water Water P1000 Glycol (degrees (degrees ID Percent (g) (g) (g) Celsius) Celsius) 363 57.14% 42.0 14.0 24.0 — −26.5 364 71.79% 39.0 13.0 28.0 — −31.0 365 88.89% 36.0 12.0 32.0 — −38.5

TABLE 13 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 12) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of DI Water in Defined Temperature Ranges 363 364 365 Average Specific Heat 96.32% 90.62% 86.80% Capacity 7° C.-12° C. Average Specific Heat 91.20% 87.31% 89.10% Capacity 10° C.-30° C. Average Specific Heat 94.72% 87.82% 88.49% Capacity 12° C.-20° C. Average Specific Heat 97.94% 95.45% 89.14% Capacity 6° C.-10.9° C. Average Specific Heat 96.56% 90.61% 84.83% Capacity 11° C.-15.9° C. Average Specific Heat 93.14% 84.76% 91.10% Capacity 16° C.-20.9° C. Average Specific Heat 91.92% 90.00% 97.41% Capacity 21° C.-25.9° C. Average Specific Heat 85.94% 83.62% 85.12% Capacity 26° C.-30.9° C.

TABLE 14 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 12) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of wt % Ethylene Glycol in Defined Temperature Ranges 363 364 365 Average Specific Heat 120.70% 114.27% 118.25% Capacity 7° C.-12° C. Average Specific Heat 114.28% 110.10% 121.39% Capacity 10° C.-30° C. Average Specific Heat 118.70% 110.75% 120.56% Capacity 12° C.-20° C. Average Specific Heat 122.73% 120.36% 121.44% Capacity 6° C.-10.9° C. Average Specific Heat 121.01% 114.27% 115.58% Capacity 11° C.-15.9° C. Average Specific Heat 116.72% 106.89% 124.12% Capacity 16° C.-20.9° C. Average Specific Heat 115.19% 113.49% 132.71% Capacity 21° C.-25.9° C. Average Specific Heat 107.69% 105.44% 115.96% Capacity 26° C.-30.9° C.

TABLE 15 Freezing Point of Water-PPG 425-PG Solution DI PPG Solution ID Water(g) P425 (g) 380 60.0 20.0

TABLE 16 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 15) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of DI Water in Defined Temperature Ranges 380 Average Specific Heat Capacity 40° C.-44.9° C. 97.00% Average Specific Heat Capacity 45° C.-49.9° C. 101.46% Average Specific Heat Capacity 50° C.-54.9° C. 108.45% Average Specific Heat Capacity 55° C.-59.9° C. 104.38%

TABLE 17 Freezing Point of Water-PPG 725-PG Solution Solution ID DI Water(g) PPG P725 (g) 381 60.0 20.0

TABLE 18 Average Effective Specific Heat Capacity of Solutions (from Table 17) relative to the Specific Heat Capacity of DI Water in Defined Temperature Ranges 381 Average Specific Heat Capacity 20° C.-24.9° C 108.81% Average Specific Heat Capacity 25° C.-29.9° C 124.49% Average Specific Heat Capacity 30° C.-34.9° C 115.49% Average Specific Heat Capacity 35° C.-30.9° C 106.40% Average Specific Heat Capacity 40° C.-44.9° C 101.91% Average Specific Heat Capacity 45° C.-49.9° C 93.71%

Notes

-   -   Molecular weights of polypropylene glycol may include, but are         not limited to, greater than or less than or equal to one or         more or any combination of the following: 200, or 400, or 425,         or 725, or 1000, or 1200, or 2000, or 2700, or 3000, or 3500, or         4000     -   In some embodiments, polyethylene glycol, or block polymers of         comprising polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol, or any         combination thereof may be employed instead of or in addition to         polypropylene glycol.

Some embodiments may employ a polymer of an average molecular weight, or a ‘P’ polymer, or a polymer of a single molecular weight, or polymers of multiple molecular weights, or any combination thereof.

Example Exemplary Embodiments

1. A process for removing a portion of a chemical from a heat transfer loop comprising:

-   -   Adding solvent to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer         loop;     -   Removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   Separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop; and     -   Storing the retentate.

2. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the retentate comprises a solution of chemical and solvent.

3 (opt 1). The process of example embodiment 1 further comprising:

-   -   Separating the retentate into a separate first liquid phase and         a second liquid phase;     -   Adding first liquid phase to the heat transfer loop;     -   Storing second liquid phase; and     -   Wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the second         liquid phase comprises chemical.

3 (opt 2). The process of example embodiment 1 further comprising:

-   -   Heating the retentate to a temperature at or above its         liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a         multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid phase and         a second liquid phase;     -   Separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase;     -   Adding first liquid phase to the heat transfer loop;     -   Storing second liquid phase; and     -   Wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the second         liquid phase comprises chemical.

4. The process of example embodiment 3 wherein separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase comprises:

-   -   Allowing the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase to         settle into a first liquid layer and a second liquid layer in a         tank;     -   Separating the first liquid layer from the second liquid layer         by means of decanting.

5. The process of example embodiment 3 further comprising purifying the first liquid phase comprising solvent by removing residual chemical using a membrane-based process.

6. The process of example embodiment 3 further comprising:

-   -   Transferring the first liquid phase into a second membrane-based         process to form a second permeate and a second retentate;     -   Wherein the second retentate comprises residual chemical;     -   Wherein the second permeate comprises solvent; and     -   Adding the second permeate to the heat transfer loop; and     -   Mixing the second retentate with the first retentate before the         first membrane-based process.

The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the portion of removed heat transfer fluid is cooled to a temperature below an LCST cloud point temperature or heated above an UCST cloud point temperature to ensure the heat transfer fluid comprises a single liquid phase before separating in the membrane-based process.

7. The process of example embodiment 6 wherein the first liquid phase is cooled to a temperature below the cloud point temperature of the second retentate at the concentrate of chemical in the second retentate before transferring the first liquid phase into a membrane-based process.

8. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the permeate comprises solvent.

9. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the heat transfer fluid is cooled to below its cloud point temperature before entering the membrane-based process.

10. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the solvent comprises water.

11. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the chemical comprises a polypropylene glycol.

12. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the membrane-based process comprises reverse osmosis, or nanofiltration, or organic solvent nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration, or microfiltration, or forward osmosis, or osmotically assisted reverse osmosis, or osmotically assisted nanofiltration.

13. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the concentration of chemical in the heat transfer loop is monitored.

14. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the addition of solvent and removal of heat transfer fluid is stopped when the concentration of chemical in the heat transfer loop is at or below a desired concentration.

15. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the volume of solvent added is about the same as the volume of chemical removed.

16. The process of example embodiment 1 wherein the volume of liquid added and removed is controlled to ensure the heat transfer loop maintains a desired volume of heat transfer fluid.

17. A process for adding a portion of a chemical to a heat transfer loop comprising:

-   -   Adding chemical to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer         loop;     -   Removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   Separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the retentate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop; and     -   Storing the permeate.

18. The process of example embodiment 17 wherein the retentate comprises chemical.

19. The process of example embodiment 17 wherein the permeate comprises solvent.

20. The process of example embodiment 17 wherein the permeate comprises solvent.

21. The process of example embodiment 17 wherein the addition of chemical and removal of heat transfer fluid is stopped when the concentration of chemical in the heat transfer loop is at or below a desired concentration.

22. The process of example embodiment 17 wherein the volume of chemical added is about the same as the volume of solvent removed.

23. The process of example embodiment 17 wherein the volume of liquid added and removed is controlled to ensure the heat transfer loop maintains a desired volume of heat transfer fluid.

24. A process for replacing a first chemical with a second chemical in a heat transfer loop comprising:

-   -   Adding a second chemical to the heat transfer fluid in a heat         transfer loop;     -   Removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   Separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the retentate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop; and     -   Storing the permeate.

25. The process of example embodiment 24 wherein the permeate comprises first chemical and the retentate comprises second chemical.

26. The process of example embodiment 24 wherein the membrane-based process comprises nanofiltration with a membrane pore size sufficiently large to allow the permeation of the first chemical and sufficiently small to allow the rejection of the second chemical.

27. The process of example embodiment 24 further comprising:

-   -   Heating the permeate to a temperature at or above its         liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a         multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid phase and         a second liquid phase;     -   Separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase;     -   Storing first liquid phase and second liquid phase; and     -   Wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the second         liquid phase comprises first chemical.

28. The process of example embodiment 24 wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of a composition comprising first chemical and solvent is different than the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of a composition comprising second chemical and solvent.

29. A process for replacing a second chemical with a first chemical in a heat transfer loop comprising:

-   -   Adding a first chemical to the heat transfer fluid in a heat         transfer loop;     -   Removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   Separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop; and     -   Storing the retentate.

30. The process of example embodiment 29 further comprising:

-   -   Heating the retentate to a temperature at or above its         liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a         multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid phase and         a second liquid phase;     -   Separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase;     -   Storing first liquid phase and second liquid phase; and     -   Wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the second         liquid phase comprises second chemical.

A process for installing a chemical which enhances the effective heat capacity of a heat transfer fluid to a heat transfer loop:

-   -   Adding chemical to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer         loop;     -   Separating at least a portion of heat transfer fluid into a         permeate and a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the retentate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop;     -   Storing the permeate.

A process for installing a chemical which enhances the effective heat capacity of a heat transfer fluid to a heat transfer loop:

-   -   Adding chemical to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer         loop;     -   Removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   Separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the retentate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop;     -   Storing the permeate.     -   Wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises water     -   Wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises a solvent     -   Wherein the heat transfer fluid comprises a liquid-liquid phase         transition composition when the chemical is present in the heat         transfer fluid     -   Wherein the permeate comprises a solvent     -   Wherein the permeate comprises water     -   Wherein the chemical comprises a polypropylene glycol     -   Wherein the membrane-based process comprises reverse osmosis, or         nanofiltration, or organic solvent nanofiltration, or         ultrafiltration, or microfiltration     -   Wherein the membrane-based process comprises forward osmosis     -   Wherein the membrane-based process comprises a size-based         separation     -   Wherein the chemical comprises a reagent which, when in the         presence of water, increases the effective specific heat         capacity of water     -   Wherein the chemical comprises a reagent which forms a         composition with water with a greater effective specific heat         capacity than water     -   Wherein the chemical comprises a reagent which forms a         composition with the heat transfer fluid with a greater         effective specific heat capacity than the heat transfer fluid         without said chemical     -   Wherein the chemical comprises a reagent which forms a         composition with water which possesses a liquid-liquid phase         transition     -   Wherein the permeate comprises water     -   Wherein the permeate comprises a solvent     -   Wherein the retentate comprises the chemical and water     -   Wherein the retentate comprises the chemical     -   Wherein the retentate comprises a polypropylene glycol     -   Wherein the retentate comprises a polypropylene glycol and water     -   Wherein the permeate is stored     -   Wherein the volume of liquid entering the heat transfer loop is         about the same as the volume of liquid exiting or being removed         from the heat transfer loop     -   Wherein the volume of liquid entering the heat transfer loop is         about the same as the volume of liquid exiting or being removed         from the heat transfer loop to ensure the total volume of liquid         in the heat transfer loop remains consistent or at a desired         level     -   Wherein the volume of liquid entering the heat transfer loop is         within +/−20% the volume of liquid exiting or being removed from         the heat transfer loop     -   Wherein the process operates until the chemical is at a desired         concentration in the heat transfer loop     -   Wherein the process stops when the chemical is at a desired         concentration in the heat transfer loop     -   Wherein the heat transfer fluid enters the membrane-based         process as a single liquid phase solution.     -   Wherein the heat transfer fluid enters the membrane-based         process below a cloud point temperature.     -   Wherein the heat transfer fluid is cooled to below its cloud         point temperature before entering the membrane-based process.     -   Wherein the concentration of the chemical in the heat transfer         fluid or heat transfer loop is monitored and/or measured     -   Wherein the removed heat transfer fluid entering the membrane         based process or in the membrane based process is at a         temperature below the cloud point temperature or liquid-liquid         phase transition temperature of the heat transfer fluid, if         applicable     -   Wherein the removed heat transfer fluid entering the membrane         based process or in the membrane based process is at a         temperature below the cloud point temperature or liquid-liquid         phase transition temperature of the chemical in water     -   Wherein the removed heat transfer fluid entering the membrane         based process or in the membrane based process comprises a         single liquid phase combined solution     -   Wherein the removed heat transfer fluid entering the membrane         based process or in the membrane based process comprises an         aqueous solution     -   Wherein the membrane-based process rejects at least a portion of         the chemical     -   Wherein the membrane-based process rejects at least a portion of         the chemical because the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane         is less than the molecular weight of the chemical     -   Wherein each step of the process is conducted simultaneously     -   Wherein each step of the process is conducted sequentially     -   Wherein some steps of the process are conducted at different         rates than other steps of the process     -   Wherein each step of the process is conducted at a about the         same rate

A process for removing a chemical which enhances the effective heat capacity of a heat transfer fluid from a heat transfer loop:

-   -   Adding water to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer loop;     -   Separating at least a portion of heat transfer fluid into a         permeate and a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer fluid;     -   Storing the retentate.

A process for removing a chemical which enhances the effective heat capacity of a heat transfer fluid from a heat transfer loop:

-   -   Adding solvent to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer         loop;     -   Separating at least a portion of heat transfer fluid into a         permeate and a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer fluid;     -   Storing the retentate.

A process for removing a chemical which enhances the effective heat capacity of a heat transfer fluid from a heat transfer loop:

-   -   Adding water to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer loop;     -   Removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   Separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer fluid;     -   Storing the retentate.

A process for removing a portion of a chemical which enhances the effective heat capacity of a heat transfer fluid from a heat transfer loop:

-   -   Adding solvent to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer         loop;     -   Removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   Separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane-based process;     -   Adding the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer fluid;     -   Storing the retentate.     -   Wherein the retentate solution comprises chemical     -   Wherein the retentate solution comprises chemical and solvent     -   Wherein the permeate solution comprises solvent     -   Wherein the solvent comprises water     -   Wherein the chemical comprises a reagent which, when in the         presence of the solvent, increases the effective specific heat         capacity of the solvent     -   Wherein the chemical comprises a reagent which, when in the         presence of the water, increases the effective specific heat         capacity of water     -   Wherein the retentate is transformed into a multi-liquid phase         mixture     -   Wherein the retentate is heated to a temperature at or above its         liquid-liquid phase transition temperature     -   Wherein the retentate comprises a multi-liquid phase mixture     -   Wherein the retentate is transformed into a multi-liquid phase         mixture     -   Wherein the retentate is transformed into a multi-liquid phase         mixture by heating to a temperature at or above the         liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range and is stored         at a multi-liquid phase.     -   Wherein the retentate settles into two liquid layers while         stored     -   Wherein the retentate is separated into a mostly solvent liquid         phase and a mostly chemical liquid phase by decanting     -   Wherein the retentate is separated into a mostly water liquid         phase and a mostly organic liquid phase by decanting     -   Wherein the retentate is separated into a liquid phase         comprising solvent and a liquid phase comprising chemical     -   Wherein the retentate is separated into a liquid phase         comprising water liquid phase and a liquid phase comprising an         organic     -   Wherein at least a portion of residual chemical is removed from         the separated liquid phase comprising solvent by a         membrane-based process     -   Wherein the separated liquid phase comprising solvent is         purified by removing at least a portion of residual chemical by         a membrane-based process to form a permeate solution comprising         solvent and a retentate solution comprising chemical     -   Wherein the retentate is transferred to the heater and/or         storage and/or decanter     -   Wherein the solvent is stored     -   Wherein the chemical is stored     -   The process further comprising the following steps:         -   Heating the retentate to a temperature at or above its             liquid-liquid phase transition temperature or cloud point             temperature to form a multi-liquid phase solution         -   Separating the multi-liquid phase solution into two             non-contiguously separate liquid phases         -   Storing the two non-contiguously separate liquid phases in             two non-contiguously separate storage tanks     -   The process further comprising the following steps:         -   Heating the retentate to a temperature at or above its             liquid-liquid phase transition temperature or cloud point             temperature to form a multi-liquid phase solution comprising             a first liquid phase and a second liquid phase         -   Wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the             second liquid phase comprises chemical         -   Separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid             phase         -   Storing first liquid phase in a separate container from the             second liquid phase     -   The process further comprising the following steps:         -   Heating the retentate to a temperature at or above its             liquid-liquid phase transition temperature or cloud point             temperature to form a multi-liquid phase         -   Wherein the first liquid phase comprises water and the             second liquid phase comprises organic polymer         -   Separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid             phase         -   Storing first liquid phase in a separate container from the             second liquid phase     -   The process further comprising the following steps:         -   Heating the retentate to a temperature at or above its             liquid-liquid phase transition temperature or cloud point             temperature to form a multi-liquid phase solution comprising             a first liquid phase and a second liquid phase         -   Wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the             second liquid phase comprises chemical         -   Separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid             phase         -   Further purifying the first liquid phase comprising solvent             to remove residual chemical         -   Storing purified first liquid phase in a separate container             from the second liquid phase     -   The process further comprising:         -   Heating the retentate to a temperature at or above its             liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a             multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid phase             and a second liquid phase;         -   Separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid             phase;         -   Storing first liquid phase non-contiguously separate from             the second liquid phase; and         -   Wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the             second liquid phase comprises chemical.

A composition for enhancing the specific heat capacity of water comprising:

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 425     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 725     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 1000     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 1200     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 2000     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 2000     -   Diethylene Glycol Hexyl Ether     -   Water

A composition for enhancing the specific heat capacity of water comprising:

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 425     -   Propylene Glycol     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 725     -   Propylene Glycol     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 1000     -   Propylene Glycol     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 1200     -   Propylene Glycol     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 2000     -   Propylene Glycol     -   Water

A composition for enhancing the specific heat capacity of water comprising:

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 425     -   Ethylene Glycol     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 725     -   Ethylene Glycol     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 1000     -   Ethylene Glycol     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 1200     -   Ethylene Glycol     -   Water

An enhanced heat capacity composition comprising:

-   -   Polypropylene Glycol 2000     -   Ethylene Glycol     -   Water

Notes

-   -   Concentration of Permeate: In some embodiments, a permeate may         comprise a solvent. In some embodiments, a permeate may comprise         a chemical. In some embodiments, a permeate may comprise a         chemical and a solvent. In some embodiments, a permeate may         comprise a solvent with a molecular weight sufficiently small to         pass through a membrane employed in separation of a portion of         removed heat transfer fluid. In some embodiments, a permeate may         comprise solvent and/or chemical with a molecular weight         sufficiently small to pass through a membrane employed in         separation of a portion of removed heat transfer fluid.         -   In some embodiments, the concentration of a chemical in the             permeate may be greater than or equal to one or more or any             combination of the following weight percent: 0.01%, or 0.1%,             or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or             8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%, or 15%,             or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%, or             23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%,             or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or             38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%,             or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or             53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%,             or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or             68%, or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%,             or 76%, or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or             83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%,             or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or             98%, or 99%, or 99.5%         -   In some embodiments, the concentration of a chemical in the             permeate may be less than or equal to one or more or any             combination of the following weight percent: 0.01%, or 0.1%,             or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or             8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%, or 15%,             or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%, or             23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%,             or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or             38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%,             or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or             53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%,             or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or             68%, or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%,             or 76%, or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or             83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%,             or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or             98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Concentration of Retentate: In some embodiments, a retentate may         comprise a chemical. In some embodiments, a retentate may         comprise a solvent. In some embodiments, a retentate may         comprise a chemical and a solvent. In some embodiments, a         retentate may comprise a chemical with a molecular weight         sufficiently large to be rejected by a membrane employed in         separation of a portion of removed heat transfer fluid and/or         remaining solvent.         -   In some embodiments, the concentration of a chemical in a             retentate may be greater than or equal to one or more or any             combination of the following weight percent: 0.01%, or 0.1%,             or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or             8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%, or 15%,             or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%, or             23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%,             or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or             38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%,             or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or             53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%,             or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or             68%, or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%,             or 76%, or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or             83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%,             or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or             98%, or 99%, or 99.5%         -   In some embodiments, the concentration of a chemical in a             retentate may be less than or equal to one or more or any             combination of the following weight percent: 0.01%, or 0.1%,             or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or             8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%, or 15%,             or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%, or             23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%,             or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or             38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%,             or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or             53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%,             or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or             68%, or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%,             or 76%, or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or             83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%,             or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or             98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Membrane Molecular Weight Cutoff: The molecular weight cutoff of         a membrane may be less than, or greater than, or equal to one or         more or any combination of the following: 50 g/mol, or 100         g/mol, or 150 g/mol, or 200g/mol, or 250 g/mol, or 300 g/mol, or         400 g/mol, or 500 g/mol, or 600 g/mol, or 700 g/mol, or 800         g/mol, or 900 g/mol, or 1000 g/mol, or 1100 g/mol, or 1250         g/mol, or 1500 g/mol, or 1750 g/mol, or 2000 g/mol, or 2500         g/mol, or 3000 g/mol.     -   Concentration of Heat Transfer Fluid: In some embodiments, the         concentration of a chemical in a heat transfer fluid may be less         than, or greater than, or equal to one or more or any         combination of the following weight percent: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or         0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or 5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or         9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%, or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or         17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%, or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or         25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%, or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or         33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%, or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or         41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%, or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or         49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or 53%, or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or         57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or 61%, or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or         65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or 69%, or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or         73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or 77%, or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or         81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or         89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or         97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Concentration of a Solvent in a Liquid, or Solution, or         Composition, or Fluid, or any combination thereof comprising         solvent: In some embodiments, the concentration of a solvent         Liquid, or Solution, or Composition, or Fluid, or any         combination thereof may be less than, or greater than, or equal         to one or more or any combination of the following weight         percent: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or         5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%,         or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%,         or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%,         or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%,         or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%,         or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or 53%,         or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or 61%,         or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or 69%,         or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or 77%,         or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or 85%,         or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or 93%,         or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%     -   Concentration of a Chemical in a Liquid, or Solution, or         Composition, or Fluid, or any combination thereof comprising         chemical: In some embodiments, the concentration of a chemical         Liquid, or Solution, or Composition, or Fluid, or any         combination thereof may be less than, or greater than, or equal         to one or more or any combination of the following weight         percent: 0.01%, or 0.1%, or 0.5%, or 1%, or 2%, or 3%, or 4%, or         5%, or 6%, or 7%, or 8%, or 9%, or 10%, or 11%, or 12%, or 13%,         or 14%, or 15%, or 16%, or 17%, or 18%, or 19%, or 20%, or 21%,         or 22%, or 23%, or 24%, or 25%, or 26%, or 27%, or 28%, or 29%,         or 30%, or 31%, or 32%, or 33%, or 34%, or 35%, or 36%, or 37%,         or 38%, or 39%, or 40%, or 41%, or 42%, or 43%, or 44%, or 45%,         or 46%, or 47%, or 48%, or 49%, or 50%, or 51%, or 52%, or 53%,         or 54%, or 55%, or 56%, or 57%, or 58%, or 59%, or 60%, or 61%,         or 62%, or 63%, or 64%, or 65%, or 66%, or 67%, or 68%, or 69%,         or 70%, or 71%, or 72%, or 73%, or 74%, or 75%, or 76%, or 77%,         or 78%, or 79%, or 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or 85%,         or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or 93%,         or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97%, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.5%

EMBODIMENTS

-   1. A process for removing a portion of a chemical from a heat     transfer loop comprising a heat transfer fluid wherein the process     comprises:     -   adding a solvent to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer         loop;     -   removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane; and     -   adding at least a portion of the permeate to the heat transfer         fluid in the heat transfer loop. -   2. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the retentate comprises a     solution of chemical and solvent. -   3. The process of embodiment 1 further comprising:     -   heating at least a portion of the retentate to a temperature at         or above its liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to         form a multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid         phase and a second liquid phase;     -   separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase;         and     -   adding at least a portion of the first liquid phase to the heat         transfer loop;     -   wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the second         liquid phase comprises the chemical. -   4. The process of embodiment 3 wherein separating the first liquid     phase from the second liquid phase comprises:     -   allowing the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase to         settle into a first liquid layer and a second liquid layer in a         tank;     -   separating the first liquid layer from the second liquid layer. -   5. The process of embodiment 3 further comprising purifying the     first liquid phase comprising solvent by removing at least a portion     of the chemical using a membrane. -   6. The process of embodiment 3 further comprising:     -   forming a second permeate and a second retentate from the first         liquid phase using a membrane;     -   wherein the second retentate comprises the chemical;     -   wherein the second permeate comprises the solvent; and     -   adding the second permeate to the heat transfer loop. -   7. The process of embodiment 1 further comprising cooling the     removed heat transfer fluid to a temperature below an LCST cloud     point temperature or heating the removed heat transfer fluid above     an UCST cloud point temperature to form a substantially single     liquid phase before separating with the membrane. -   8. The process of embodiment 6 further comprising cooling the first     liquid phase to a temperature below the cloud point temperature of     the second retentate before using the membrane. -   9. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the permeate comprises the     solvent. -   10. The process of embodiment 1 further comprising cooling the heat     transfer fluid to below its cloud point temperature before using the     membrane. -   11. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the solvent comprises water. -   12. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the chemical comprises a     polypropylene glycol. -   13. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the membrane comprises a     membrane suitable for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, organic     solvent nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration, microfiltration, forward     osmosis, osmotically assisted reverse osmosis, or osmotically     assisted nanofiltration. -   14. The process of embodiment 1 further comprising monitoring the     concentration of the chemical in the heat transfer loop. -   15. The process of embodiment 1 further comprising ceasing the     adding of the solvent and the removing of the heat transfer fluid     when the concentration of the chemical in the heat transfer loop is     at or below a desired concentration. -   16. The process of embodiment 1 wherein the volume of the solvent     added is about the same as the volume of chemical removed. -   17. The process of embodiment 1 which further comprises controlling     the volume of heat transfer fluid. -   18. A process for adding a portion of a chemical to a heat transfer     loop comprising a heat transfer fluid wherein the process comprises:     -   adding the chemical to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop;     -   removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane; and     -   adding at least a portion of the retentate to the heat transfer         fluid in the heat transfer loop. -   19. The process of embodiment 18 wherein the retentate comprises the     chemical. -   20. The process of embodiment 18 wherein the permeate comprises a     solvent. -   21. The process of embodiment 18 which further comprises controlling     the concentration of the chemical in the heat transfer loop. -   22. The process of embodiment 18 wherein the volume of the chemical     added is about the same as the volume of solvent removed. -   23. The process of embodiment 18 which further comprises controlling     the volume heat transfer fluid. -   24. A process for replacing a first chemical with a second chemical     in a heat transfer loop comprising a heat transfer fluid comprising     the first chemical wherein the process comprises:     -   adding the second chemical to the heat transfer fluid in a heat         transfer loop;     -   removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane; and     -   adding the retentate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop. -   25. The process of embodiment 24 wherein the permeate comprises the     first chemical and the retentate comprises the second chemical. -   26. The process of embodiment 24 wherein the membrane comprises a     nanofiltration membrane comprising a pore size to allow substantial     permeation of the first chemical and substantial rejection of the     second chemical. -   27. The process of embodiment 24 further comprising:     -   heating the permeate to a temperature at or above its         liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a         multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid phase and         a second liquid phase; and     -   separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase;     -   wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the second         liquid phase comprises first chemical. -   28. The process of embodiment 24 wherein the liquid-liquid phase     transition temperature range of a composition comprising the first     chemical and the solvent is different than the liquid-liquid phase     transition temperature range of a composition comprising the second     chemical and the solvent. -   29. A process for replacing a second chemical with a first chemical     in a heat transfer loop comprising heat transfer fluid wherein the     process comprises:     -   adding a first chemical to the heat transfer fluid in a heat         transfer loop;     -   removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the         heat transfer loop;     -   separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and         a retentate using a membrane; and     -   adding the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat         transfer loop. -   30. The process of embodiment 29 further comprising:     -   heating the retentate to a temperature at or above its         liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a         multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid phase and         a second liquid phase; and     -   separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase;     -   wherein the first liquid phase comprises the solvent and the         second liquid phase comprises the second chemical. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for removing a portion of a chemical from a heat transfer loop comprising a heat transfer fluid wherein the process comprises: adding a solvent to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop; removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer loop; separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and a retentate using a membrane; and adding at least a portion of the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop.
 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the retentate comprises a solution of chemical and solvent.
 3. The process of claim 1 further comprising: heating at least a portion of the retentate to a temperature at or above its liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid phase and a second liquid phase; separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase; and adding at least a portion of the first liquid phase to the heat transfer loop; wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the second liquid phase comprises the chemical.
 4. The process of claim 3 wherein separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase comprises: allowing the first liquid phase and the second liquid phase to settle into a first liquid layer and a second liquid layer in a tank; separating the first liquid layer from the second liquid layer.
 5. The process of claim 3 further comprising purifying the first liquid phase comprising solvent by removing at least a portion of the chemical using a membrane.
 6. The process of claim 3 further comprising: forming a second permeate and a second retentate from the first liquid phase using a membrane; wherein the second retentate comprises the chemical; wherein the second permeate comprises the solvent; and adding the second permeate to the heat transfer loop.
 7. The process of claim 1 further comprising cooling the removed heat transfer fluid to a temperature below an LCST cloud point temperature or heating the removed heat transfer fluid above an UCST cloud point temperature to form a substantially single liquid phase before separating with the membrane.
 8. The process of claim 6 further comprising cooling the first liquid phase to a temperature below the cloud point temperature of the second retentate before using the membrane.
 9. The process of claim 1 wherein the permeate comprises the solvent.
 10. The process of claim 1 further comprising cooling the heat transfer fluid to below its cloud point temperature before using the membrane.
 11. The process of claim 1 wherein the solvent comprises water.
 12. The process of claim 1 wherein the chemical comprises a polypropylene glycol.
 13. The process of claim 1 wherein the membrane comprises a membrane suitable for reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, organic solvent nanofiltration, or ultrafiltration, microfiltration, forward osmosis, osmotically assisted reverse osmosis, or osmotically assisted nanofiltration.
 14. The process of claim 1 further comprising monitoring the concentration of the chemical in the heat transfer loop.
 15. The process of claim 1 further comprising ceasing the adding of the solvent and the removing of the heat transfer fluid when the concentration of the chemical in the heat transfer loop is at or below a desired concentration.
 16. The process of claim 1 wherein the volume of the solvent added is about the same as the volume of chemical removed.
 17. The process of claim 1 which further comprises controlling the volume of heat transfer fluid.
 18. A process for adding a portion of a chemical to a heat transfer loop comprising a heat transfer fluid wherein the process comprises: adding the chemical to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop; removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer loop; separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and a retentate using a membrane; and adding at least a portion of the retentate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop.
 19. The process of claim 18 wherein the retentate comprises the chemical.
 20. The process of claim 18 wherein the permeate comprises a solvent.
 21. The process of claim 18 which further comprises controlling the concentration of the chemical in the heat transfer loop.
 22. The process of claim 18 wherein the volume of the chemical added is about the same as the volume of solvent removed.
 23. The process of claim 18 which further comprises controlling the volume heat transfer fluid.
 24. A process for replacing a first chemical with a second chemical in a heat transfer loop comprising a heat transfer fluid comprising the first chemical wherein the process comprises: adding the second chemical to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer loop; removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer loop; separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and a retentate using a membrane; and adding the retentate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop.
 25. The process of claim 24 wherein the permeate comprises the first chemical and the retentate comprises the second chemical.
 26. The process of claim 24 wherein the membrane comprises a nanofiltration membrane comprising a pore size to allow substantial permeation of the first chemical and substantial rejection of the second chemical.
 27. The process of claim 24 further comprising: heating the permeate to a temperature at or above its liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid phase and a second liquid phase; and separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase; wherein the first liquid phase comprises solvent and the second liquid phase comprises first chemical.
 28. The process of claim 24 wherein the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of a composition comprising the first chemical and the solvent is different than the liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range of a composition comprising the second chemical and the solvent.
 29. A process for replacing a second chemical with a first chemical in a heat transfer loop comprising heat transfer fluid wherein the process comprises: adding a first chemical to the heat transfer fluid in a heat transfer loop; removing at least a portion of the heat transfer fluid from the heat transfer loop; separating said removed heat transfer fluid into a permeate and a retentate using a membrane; and adding the permeate to the heat transfer fluid in the heat transfer loop.
 30. The process of claim 29 further comprising: heating the retentate to a temperature at or above its liquid-liquid phase transition temperature range to form a multi-liquid phase solution comprising a first liquid phase and a second liquid phase; and separating the first liquid phase from the second liquid phase; wherein the first liquid phase comprises the solvent and the second liquid phase comprises the second chemical. 